Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Coulter, Claire A.; Flecknell, P. A.; Richardson, Claire

doi:10.1258/la.2008.008021

Cited by 61 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The inclusion criteria were as previously described [8]. A paper was eligible for inclusion in the study if it involved the use of a rabbit in a surgical experimental procedure under general anaesthesia with a postoperative recovery procedure of at least 24 hours.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classification of procedures was as previously described [8] modified from the position statement of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine on recommendations for the assessment and management of pain in rodents and rabbits [18]. Each paper was classified into one of five categories: skin incision, craniotomy, laparotomy, thoracotomy or orthopaedic study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall aim of this study was to follow up on a smaller previous study [8] and examine whether reported practices in analgesic administration to laboratory rabbits undergoing experimental surgery are optimal. Specifically we aimed to: 1) examine whether systemic analgesic administration to rabbits is increasing, 2) evaluate changes in the administration of analgesics in various forms including local anaesthesia and anaesthetic agents with analgesic components and 3) examine trends in the reporting of other animal details such as reporting ethical approval and number/gender of rabbits used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reported analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing experimental surgical procedures

et al. 2011

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BackgroundIt has become widely accepted that whenever animals are used in scientific procedures, the 3Rs principle of replacement, reduction and refinement described by William Russell and Rex Burch should be adhered to. Animals should be replaced with non-sentient alternatives if possible, the number of animals used should be reduced and experimental procedures should be refined to minimise pain, suffering and distress. Administration of analgesic agents to animals undergoing surgical procedures is a refinement used to alleviate pain. In this study, a structured literature review was carried out to examine current trends in analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing experimental surgical procedures.Results128 papers from 51 peer-reviewed journals were selected for inclusion in this review. Reporting administration of systemic analgesia to rabbits in peer-reviewed scientific papers increased significantly from 16% to 50% between 1995-1997 and 2005-2007 (P < 0.001). Papers that reported ethical approval were more likely than papers that did not specify approval to report systemic analgesic administration (P < 0.001). When systemic analgesics were administered, buprenorphine was the most frequently used agent and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used less frequently than opioids in both time periods.ConclusionsAlthough this review provides evidence that systemic analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing surgical procedures is increasing, rabbits do not always receive analgesia when they undergo experimental surgery. Other practices in rabbit perioperative care that could be improved, highlighted by this survey include: 1) changing the timing of analgesic administration by giving systemic analgesics pre- or perioperatively rather than only postoperatively, 2) using multimodal analgesia when pain is likely to be moderate to severe and 3) increasing the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and use of other techniques such as epidural analgesia particularly for orthopaedic procedures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reported analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing experimental surgical procedures

et al. 2011

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“…Moreover, this species is commonly used as an experimental animal model for particularly invasive surgeries (Coulter et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma profile of cimicoxib in sheep after oral administration at two different rates

Salvo¹,

Giorgi²,

Lee³

et al. 2017

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Sheep are often subjected to painful procedures and thus they need to be treated with analgesics. Nevertheless, knowledges about pharmacokinetic features of these drugs in this species are poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma behaviour of cimicoxib in sheep after a single oral administration at two different dose rates (4 and 6 mg/kg). Maximum plasma concentrations of cimicoxib were equal to 273.78 (median value; range 189.00-567.32) and 565.01 (range 308.27-822.59) ng/mL after treatment with 4 and 6 mg/kg, respectively. The time of maximum concentration (T max ) was achieved between 4 and 10 hours following treatment at the lower dose, and between 6 and 10 hours after the administration of the higher dose, with one sheep achieving the concentration peak at 0.75 hours.The slow absorption and the great individual variability in plasma concentration, probably due to ruminal effects, suggest that cimicoxib is not suitable for oral treatment in sheep.

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“…Whilst the vast majority of rodent surgical research procedures are performed under anaesthesia, surveys indicate that the use of perioperative analgesics remains low; e.g. in less than 25% of rats undergoing surgery [7–9]. The main reported reasons for this are concerns over interactions with results of studies or potential negative side-effects from the analgesic themselves, or simply that there was no perceived need for using pain relief as a consequence of an inability to effectively recognise pain [7,8,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Intrathecal Morphine in a Model of Surgical Pain in Rats

et al. 2016

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Concerns over interactions between analgesics and experimental outcomes are a major reason for withholding opioids from rats undergoing surgical procedures. Only a fraction of morphine injected intravenously reaches receptors responsible for analgesia in the central nervous system. Intrathecal administration of morphine may represent a way to provide rats with analgesia while minimizing the amount of morphine injected. This study aimed to assess whether morphine injected intrathecally via direct lumbar puncture provides sufficient analgesia to rats exposed to acute surgical pain (caudal laparotomy).In an initial blinded, randomised study, pain-free rats received morphine subcutaneously (MSC, 3mg.kg-1, N = 6), intrathecally (MIT, 0.2mg.kg-1, N = 6); NaCl subcutaneously (NSC, N = 6) or intrathecally (NIT, N = 6). Previously validated pain behaviours, activity and Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) scores were recorded at baseline, 1, 2, 4 and 8h post-injection. Morphine-treated rats had similar behaviours to NaCl rats, but their RGS scores were significantly different over time and between treatments. In a second blinded study, rats (N = 28) were randomly allocated to one of the following four treatments (N = 7): MSC, 3mg.kg-1, surgery; MIT, 0.2mg.kg-1, surgery; NIT, surgery; NSC, sham surgery. Composite Pain Behaviours (CPB) and RGS were recorded as previously. CPB in MIT and MSC groups were not significantly different to NSC group. MSC and MIT rats displayed significantly lower RGS scores than NIT rats at 1 and 8h postoperatively. RGS scores for MIT and MSC rats were not significantly different at 1, 2, and 8h postoperatively. Intraclass correlation value amongst operators involved in RGS scoring (N = 9) was 0.913 for total RGS score. Intrathecal morphine was mostly indistinguishable from its subcutaneous counterpart, providing pain relief lasting up to 8 hours in a rat model of surgical pain. Further studies are warranted to clarify the relevance of the rat grimace scale for assessing pain in rats that have received opioid analgesics.

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Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Cited by 61 publications

References 14 publications

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Reported analgesic administration to rabbits undergoing experimental surgical procedures

Plasma profile of cimicoxib in sheep after oral administration at two different rates

Efficacy of Intrathecal Morphine in a Model of Surgical Pain in Rats

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