Report of isolations of unusual lyssaviruses (rabies and Mokola virus) identified retrospectively from Zimbabwe : short communication

Bingham, John; Javangwe, S.; Sabeta, Claude; Wandeler, A. I.; Nel, Louis Hendrik

doi:10.4102/jsava.v72i2.624

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Rabies in these other wild animals may probably represent transmission among themselves or spillover from jackals, mongooses and domestic dogs. The mongoose virus has been isolated from other wildlife species such as the honey badger and the African civet in Zimbabwe (Bingham et al 2001) and in addition, virus isolates from these wildlife species were found to belong to the same phylogenetic grouping as those isolated from the slender mongoose (Nel et al 2005). However, lack of strain typing data in the present study makes it difficult to conclude which animal species serve as the major source for spillover cases.…”

Section: Jackal Othersmentioning

confidence: 77%

A retrospective study of wildlife rabies in Zimbabwe, between 1992 and 2003

Pfukenyi

Pawandiwa²,

Makaya³

et al. 2008

Trop Anim Health Prod

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To assess the epidemiological features of wildlife rabies in Zimbabwe, a retrospective study covering a period of 12 years (1992-2003) was conducted using rabies records of the Central Veterinary Laboratories (CVL), Department of Veterinary Technical Services at Harare. Records of monthly and annual wildlife rabies were perused with regard to total samples submitted to the CVL and corresponding positive cases. Positive cases were analyzed in relation to the animal species involved, seasonal trends, and land-use categories. A total of 2107 samples were submitted and 1 540 (73.1%) were positive. Jackals (Canis mesomelas and C. adustus), with a peak occurrence of rabies between January and March were the major maintenance host, representing approximately 91% of the total rabies cases confirmed. The Canidae family recorded the highest number of cases followed by the Viverridae, Mustelidae, Felidae, Herpestidae and Hyaenidae families in that order. During the present study rabies cases were confirmed in 7 additional wild animals. The majority of the positive cases (83.7%) were recorded in commercial farming areas in the northeast parts of the country.

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Section: Jackal Othersmentioning

confidence: 77%

A retrospective study of wildlife rabies in Zimbabwe, between 1992 and 2003

Pfukenyi

Pawandiwa²,

Makaya³

et al. 2008

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…As proven worldwide, the elimination of canine rabies and the prevention of human rabies mortality is feasible through mass vaccination of domestic dogs [12,25-27]. Public awareness must be continuously maintained, not only in rabies infected areas but also on neighbouring islands that have never experienced the disease [28,29]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and clinical features of human rabies cases in Bali 2008-2010

et al. 2012

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BackgroundPreviously thought to be rabies free, Bali experienced an outbreak of animal and human rabies cases in November 2008. We describe the epidemiological and clinical data of human rabies cases occurring in the first two years of the outbreak.MethodsWe analysed the patient records of all rabies cases from the Sanglah General Hospital in Denpasar, and district hospitals in Buleleng and Tabanan. A conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was developed to detect the rabies virus genome in saliva, corneal swabs, and ante- and post-mortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).ResultsThere were 104 human rabies cases in Bali during November 2008-November 2010. Patients' mean age was 36.6 years (range 3-84 years; SD 20.7), most were male (56.7%), and originated from rural districts. Almost all (92%) cases had a history of dog bite. Only 5.8% had their wounds treated and received an anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) after the bite incident. No patients received rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The estimated time from dog bite to the onset of signs and symptoms was 110.4 days (range 12-720 days; SD 118.2). The mean length of medical care until death was 21.8 hours (range 1-220 hours; SD 32.6). Less than 50% of patients had prodromal symptoms. The most frequent prodromal symptom was pain or paraesthesia at the bite site (37.6%). The two most common central nervous system infection signs were agitation (89.2%) and confusion (83.3%). Signs of autonomic nervous system dysfunction included hydrophobia (93.1%), hypersalivation (88.2%), and dyspnea (74.4%). On admission, 22 of 102 patients (21.6%) showed paralytic manifestations, while the rest (78.4%) showed furious rabies manifestations. The case-fatality rate was 100%. The rabies virus genome was detected in 50 of 101 patients (49.5%) with the highest detection rate from post-mortem CSF samples.ConclusionsRabies is a major public health problem in Bali. Human fatalities occur because of a lack of knowledge regarding rabies risk, the poor management of dog bites, and the limited availability of RIG. Increasing public awareness of dog bite management, increasing the availability of ARV and RIG, and implementing an island-wide dog vaccination campaign will help prevent human rabies cases.

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“…Each of the isolates was typed in an indirect FA test on original or mouse-passaged brain material, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Bingham et al, 2001) capable of distinguishing the major antigenic groups of lyssaviruses. The six isolates gave identical patterns and were of the typical 'canid' biotype pattern, which in South Africa cycles in domestic dogs, jackals and bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis).…”

Section: Laboratory Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%