Report of 2018 equine influenza outbreak in Chile

Moreira, Rubén; García, Antonio J. Palacios; Ahumada, Carolyn; Badia, Catalina; Suárez, Paulina; Yangari, Betty; Aguayo, Carolina; Herrera, José; Espejo, Gabriela; Pinto, Enrique

doi:10.4067/s0719-81322019000100105

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Despite prevention efforts made by owners and veterinary practitioners, frequent outbreaks have occurred worldwide with high morbidity in susceptible horse populations [78,79,80]. In 2018–2019, equine influenza outbreaks were reported in South America [81], the US, Europe (United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany), Nigeria, and South America, including in vaccinated horses, which support claims of inadequate vaccine(s) effectiveness [58]. Different reasons have been proposed for explaining this: improper vaccination schedules, the continued evolution of the EIV genome, and the use of outdated virus strains in the EIV vaccines [27,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

Lobo

Rodríguez

Reedy

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Vaccination remains the most effective approach for preventing and controlling equine influenza virus (EIV) in horses. However, the ongoing evolution of EIV has increased the genetic and antigenic differences between currently available vaccines and circulating strains, resulting in suboptimal vaccine efficacy. As recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the inclusion of representative strains from clade 1 and clade 2 Florida sublineages of EIV in vaccines may maximize the protection against presently circulating viral strains. In this study, we used reverse genetics technologies to generate a bivalent EIV live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We combined our previously described clade 1 EIV LAIV A/equine/Ohio/2003 H3N8 (Ohio/03 LAIV) with a newly generated clade 2 EIV LAIV that contains the six internal genes of Ohio/03 LAIV and the HA and NA of A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 H3N8 (Rich/07 LAIV). The safety profile, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy of this bivalent EIV LAIV was tested in the natural host, horses. Vaccination of horses with the bivalent EIV LAIV, following a prime-boost regimen, was safe and able to confer protection against challenge with clade 1 (A/equine/Kentucky/2014 H3N8) and clade 2 (A/equine/Richmond/2007) wild-type (WT) EIVs, as evidenced by a reduction of clinical signs, fever, and virus excretion. This is the first description of a bivalent LAIV for the prevention of EIV in horses that follows OIE recommendations. In addition, since our bivalent EIV LAIV is based on the use of reverse genetics approaches, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using the backbone of clade 1 Ohio/03 LAIV as a master donor virus (MDV) for the production and rapid update of LAIVs for the control and protection against other EIV strains of epidemiological relevance to horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

Lobo

Rodríguez

Reedy

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…For the 2018 Chilean outbreak, it was concluded that one of the causes associated with the spread of EIV in the country was the low vaccine coverage, especially in thoroughbreds. In Chile, equine vaccination is not mandatory, and in the country, there is only an average of 58,000 doses available per year, that is, enough doses for 20% of the total equine population being too low to achieve a constant herd level of protection [ 75 ]. In Mexico, in 2015, 114 equine samples with clinical signs associated with influenza were investigated, and of those, 75% were positive for equine influenza: none of the equines were vaccinated against equine influenza [ 76 ].…”

Section: Eiv Risk Factors In the Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple outbreaks have been recorded throughout the country. From 1963 until 2018, EIV was reported in 1963, 1977, 1985, 1992, 2006, 2012, and 2018 [ 75 , 79 ]. The 1963 outbreak occurred almost simultaneously with the one in the United States [ 19 ].…”

Section: Studies On Eiv Occurrence and Reported Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas

et al. 2022

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Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease caused by the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), which is endemically distributed throughout the world. It infects equids, and interspecies transmission to dogs has been reported. The H3N8 Florida lineage, which is divided into clades 1 and 2, is the most representative lineage in the Americas. The EIV infects the respiratory system, affecting the ciliated epithelial cells and preventing the elimination of foreign bodies and substances. Certain factors related to the disease, such as an outdated vaccination plan, age, training, and close contact with other animals, favor the presentation of equine influenza. This review focuses on the molecular, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics of EIV in the Americas to present updated information to achieve prevention and control of the virus. We also discuss the need for monitoring the disease, the use of vaccines, and the appropriate application of those biologicals, among other biosecurity measures that are important for the control of the virus.

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“…The nature of the equine industry, where horses are regularly moved to and from competitions or between breeding farms, makes it difficult to control and prevent highly contagious infectious diseases. Incidents of disease introduction associated with national and international movement of horses are regularly reported 1 (Dominguez et al 2016, Moreira et al 2019, Pusterla et al 2011, Christmann and Pink 2017. Nevertheless, the spread of infectious and contagious diseases carried by animals with subclinical infection remains a challenge for national and international trade, in part because government prevention and control programs are mainly focused on exotic diseases, whereas the control and prevention of endemic diseases (e.g.…”

Section: General Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine strangles: An update on disease control and prevention

Duran

Goehring

2021

Austral j. vet. sci.

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Streptococcus equi spp. equi (SEE) causes a disease in horses commonly referred to as strangles. Carrier or reservoir equids are important for the maintenance of the bacteria between epizootics and the initiation of outbreaks on premises, they also make the control and prevention of the disease more difficult. Disease outbreaks are common in many countries, affecting negatively equine health and causing major economic losses to the equine industry. This review describes general aspects of the disease caused by SEE in horses (clinical signs, pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, complications) and then focuses on prevention, control and eradication mechanisms.

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Report of 2018 equine influenza outbreak in Chile

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus

Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas

Equine strangles: An update on disease control and prevention

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