“…Later on, the equation sets of these so‐called “plume theory” models were integrated by adding the energy conservation equation in different forms [ Woods , 1988; Glaze and Baloga , 1996]. Further developments concerned the modeling of thermal disequilibrium [ Woods and Bursik , 1991], particle fallout from the column [ Woods and Bursik , 1991; Ernst et al , 1996], and umbrella cloud [ Bursik et al , 1992b; Bonadonna et al , 1998], and particle recycling into the eruption column [ Ernst et al , 1996; Veitch and Woods , 2002, 2004; Textor et al , 2004]. Crosswind influence on plume tilting has also been addressed based on experimental and theoretical work on turbulent buoyant plumes in cross flow [ Hoult and Weil , 1972; Wright , 1984; Ernst et al , 1994; Bursik , 2001].…”