Replication-Independent Long-Distance Trafficking by Viral RNAs in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>

Gopinath, K.; Kao, C. Cheng

doi:10.1105/tpc.107.050088

Cited by 48 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The UTRs of potato BEL5 mRNA are important for long-distance movement (Banerjee et al, 2006(Banerjee et al, , 2009. Systemic spread of Brome mosaic virus RNAs in the absence of replication suggests that they have sequence or structural elements recognized by cellular factors (Gopinath and Kao, 2007). The identification of 3D structural motifs in these RNAs mediating trafficking between specific cells should significantly advance our mechanistic knowledge of RNA trafficking.…”

Section: Loop 6 Is Required For Trafficking From Palisade To Spongy Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Three-Dimensional RNA Motif inPotato spindle tuber viroidMediates Trafficking from Palisade Mesophyll to Spongy Mesophyll inNicotiana benthamiana

et al. 2011

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Cell-to-cell trafficking of RNA is an emerging biological principle that integrates systemic gene regulation, viral infection, antiviral response, and cell-to-cell communication. A key mechanistic question is how an RNA is specifically selected for trafficking from one type of cell into another type. Here, we report the identification of an RNA motif in Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) required for trafficking from palisade mesophyll to spongy mesophyll in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. This motif, called loop 6, has the sequence 59-CGA-39...59-GAC-39 flanked on both sides by cis Watson-Crick G/C and G/U wobble base pairs. We present a three-dimensional (3D) structural model of loop 6 that specifies all non-Watson-Crick base pair interactions, derived by isostericity-based sequence comparisons with 3D RNA motifs from the RNA x-ray crystal structure database. The model is supported by available chemical modification patterns, natural sequence conservation/variations in PSTVd isolates and related species, and functional characterization of all possible mutants for each of the loop 6 base pairs. Our findings and approaches have broad implications for studying the 3D RNA structural motifs mediating trafficking of diverse RNA species across specific cellular boundaries and for studying the structure-function relationships of RNA motifs in other biological processes.

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Section: Loop 6 Is Required For Trafficking From Palisade To Spongy Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Three-Dimensional RNA Motif inPotato spindle tuber viroidMediates Trafficking from Palisade Mesophyll to Spongy Mesophyll inNicotiana benthamiana

et al. 2011

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“…Viral RNAs can move via the phloem stream in the absence of viral proteins, suggesting that endogenous cellular factors recognize a structural RNA motif and mediate long-distance transport through the phloem (Gopinath and Kao, 2007). Nonconserved viral 39 UTR sequences, which interact with 59 UTRs, seem to play a role in facilitating viral RNA cell-to-cell transfer .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

tRNA-Related Sequences Trigger Systemic mRNA Transport in Plants

et al. 2016

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In plants, protein-coding mRNAs can move via the phloem vasculature to distant tissues, where they may act as non-cellautonomous signals. Emerging work has identified many phloem-mobile mRNAs, but little is known regarding RNA motifs triggering mobility, the extent of mRNA transport, and the potential of transported mRNAs to be translated into functional proteins after transport. To address these aspects, we produced reporter transcripts harboring tRNA-like structures (TLSs) that were found to be enriched in the phloem stream and in mRNAs moving over chimeric graft junctions. Phenotypic and enzymatic assays on grafted plants indicated that mRNAs harboring a distinctive TLS can move from transgenic roots into wild-type leaves and from transgenic leaves into wild-type flowers or roots; these mRNAs can also be translated into proteins after transport. In addition, we provide evidence that dicistronic mRNA:tRNA transcripts are frequently produced in Arabidopsis thaliana and are enriched in the population of graft-mobile mRNAs. Our results suggest that tRNA-derived sequences with predicted stem-bulge-stem-loop structures are sufficient to mediate mRNA transport and seem to be necessary for the mobility of a large number of endogenous transcripts that can move through graft junctions.

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“…A cis-element in the 59 untranslated region of potexviral RNA, which plays a role in replication (Miller et al, 1998), mediates cell-to-cell trafficking of a fused reporter RNA . The recent demonstration that Brome mosaic virus RNAs can traffic long distance in the absence of replication suggests that these RNAs have structural elements directly recognized by cellular factors for trafficking (Gopinath and Kao, 2007). The untranslated regions of potato (Solanum tuberosum) BEL5 mRNA appear to be important for long-distance trafficking in regulating tuber formation (Banerjee et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genomic Map of Viroid RNA Motifs Critical for Replication and Systemic Trafficking

Zhong¹,

Archual²,

Amin³

et al. 2008

The Plant Cell

159

162

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RNA replication and systemic trafficking play significant roles in developmental regulation and host-pathogen interactions. Viroids are the simplest noncoding eukaryotic RNA pathogens and genetic units that are capable of autonomous replication and systemic trafficking and offer excellent models to investigate the role of RNA structures in these processes. Like other RNAs, the predicted secondary structure of a viroid RNA contains many loops and bulges flanked by double-stranded helices, the biological functions of which are mostly unknown. Using Potato spindle tuber viroid infection of Nicotiana benthamiana as the experimental system, we tested the hypothesis that these loops/bulges are functional motifs that regulate replication in single cells or trafficking in a plant. Through a genome-wide mutational analysis, we identified multiple loops/bulges essential or important for each of these biological processes. Our results led to a genomic map of viroid RNA motifs that mediate single-cell replication and systemic trafficking, respectively. This map provides a framework to enable high-throughput studies on the tertiary structures and functional mechanisms of RNA motifs that regulate viroid replication and trafficking. Our model and approach should also be valuable for comprehensive investigations of the replication and trafficking motifs in other RNAs.

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Replication-Independent Long-Distance Trafficking by Viral RNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana

Cited by 48 publications

References 79 publications

A Three-Dimensional RNA Motif inPotato spindle tuber viroidMediates Trafficking from Palisade Mesophyll to Spongy Mesophyll inNicotiana benthamiana

A Three-Dimensional RNA Motif inPotato spindle tuber viroidMediates Trafficking from Palisade Mesophyll to Spongy Mesophyll inNicotiana benthamiana

tRNA-Related Sequences Trigger Systemic mRNA Transport in Plants

A Genomic Map of Viroid RNA Motifs Critical for Replication and Systemic Trafficking

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