Replication characteristics of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in the respiratory and conjunctival mucosa

Reddy, V. R.; Steukers, Lennert; Li, Yewei; Fuchs, Walter; Vanderplasschen, Alain; Nauwynck, Hans

doi:10.1080/03079457.2014.956285

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Consistent with the findings of Reddy et al (17), paracrine-regulated apoptosis of uninfected host cells triggered by ILTV in a host immune response-independent manner was observed in the present study. This interaction between ILTV and uninfected host cells is important for the pathological effects of viral infection and for early viral dissemination.…”

Section: Abstract Alphaherpesviruses Virus-host Interactions Paracrsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…These findings are consistent with previous in vitro observations of reduced apoptosis of cells infected with other alphaherpesviruses, such as HSV-1, HSV-2, and suid herpesvirus 1 (18)(19)(20). Interestingly, along with the prosurvival effect of ILTV infection, a recent study by Reddy et al showed that ILTV infection induces apoptosis in bystander cells in vivo (17). However, the biological significance and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unclear.…”

Section: Abstract Alphaherpesviruses Virus-host Interactions Paracrsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…For example, HIV infection induces massive apoptosis in uninfected CD4 ϩ T cells, which is directly associated with disease progression (8). Recently, ILTV was reported to induce the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells in solid tissues (17). However, the biological significance and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have demonstrated that ILTV infection prolongs the survival of infected cells by blocking the apoptosis of infected cells to ensure the greatest ILTV replication while triggering apoptosis in uninfected cells (16,17). The underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown but are important for developing novel strategies targeting the interactions between ILTV and host cells for better control of diseases, especially when the host immune response is compromised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1), also known as avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), which belongs to the family Herpesviridae in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, continues to cause substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide (15). Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that ILTV infection blocks apoptosis in infected cells, thereby prolonging the life span of infected cells and consequently facilitating viral replication (16,17). These findings are consistent with previous in vitro observations of reduced apoptosis of cells infected with other alphaherpesviruses, such as HSV-1, HSV-2, and suid herpesvirus 1 (18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Abstract Alphaherpesviruses Virus-host Interactions Paracrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Initiates Apoptosis in Uninfected Cells through Paracrine Repression of p53

Gao

Shao

et al. 2018

J Virol

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Apoptosis is a common innate defense mechanism of host cells against viral infection and is therefore suppressed by many viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), via various strategies. A recent study reported the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells during Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) infection, yet little is known about this previously unknown aspect of herpesvirus-host interactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptosis of uninfected host cells during GaHV-1 infection. The present study used and models, which avoided potential interference by host antiviral immunity, and demonstrated that this GaHV-1-host interaction is independent of host immune responses and important for both the pathological effect of viral infection and early viral dissemination from the primary infection site to distant tissues. Further, we revealed that GaHV-1 infection triggers this process in a paracrine-regulated manner. Using genome-wide transcriptome analyses in combination with a set of functional studies, we found that this paracrine-regulated effect requires the repression of p53 activity in uninfected cells. In contrast, the activation of p53 not only prevented the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells and subsequent pathological damage induced by GaHV-1 infection but also delayed viral dissemination significantly. Moreover, p53 activation repressed viral replication both and , suggesting that dual cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlie the suppression of GaHV-1 infection by p53 activation. This study uncovers the mechanism underlying the herpesvirus-triggered apoptosis of remote host cells and extends our understanding of both herpesvirus-host interactions and the roles of p53 in viral infection. It is well accepted that herpesviruses suppress the apoptosis of host cells via various strategies to ensure sustained viral replication during infection. However, a recent study reported the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells during GaHV-1 infection. The mechanism and the biological meaning of this unexpected herpesvirus-host interaction are unclear. This study uncovers the mechanisms of herpesvirus-triggered apoptosis in uninfected cells and may also contribute to a mechanistic illustration of paracrine-regulated apoptosis induced by other viruses in uninfected host cells.

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Section: Abstract Alphaherpesviruses Virus-host Interactions Paracrsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Abstract Alphaherpesviruses Virus-host Interactions Paracrsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abstract Alphaherpesviruses Virus-host Interactions Paracrmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Initiates Apoptosis in Uninfected Cells through Paracrine Repression of p53

Gao

Shao

et al. 2018

J Virol

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Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Garcı́a¹,

Spatz²

2019

Diseases of Poultry

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SARS‐CoV‐2 Presence in the Saliva, Tears, and Cerumen of COVID‐19 Patients

et al. 2020

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Objectives/Hypothesis The emergence of a new coronavirus strain (SARS‐CoV‐2) in December 2019 from China led to a global pandemic. The lack of herd immunity against this virus and the possibility of viral spread from asymptomatic individuals is still a major challenge for the prevention of viral transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the virus in different bodily secretions as a potential source of viral spread among patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Study Design Cross Sectional Study. Methods The study included 38 COVID‐19 patients with a positive real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test result for SARS‐CoV‐2, obtained from the combined nasopharyngeal–oropharyngeal swab samples. Saliva, tear, and cerumen samples were taken from the patients within 72 hours of the first RT‐PCR test. SARS‐CoV‐2 N1 and N2 gene regions were studied with single‐step RT‐PCR in all samples. Results Among the studied samples, the highest positivity rate was in saliva (76.3%) followed by tears (55.3%) and cerumen (39.5%). Viral load in saliva was also significantly higher compared to tears and cerumen (P < .001), while there was no significant difference between tears and cerumen. Higher viral load in combined nasopharyngeal–oropharyngeal swab samples was associated with higher viral load in tears, but not in saliva or cerumen. Half of the saliva, tear, and cerumen samples obtained from asymptomatic patients contained SARS‐CoV‐2 genome. Conclusions The virus was detected in the saliva, tears, and cerumen samples of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The potential role of these bodily fluids on viral spread needs to be studied. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1677–E1682, 2021

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Replication characteristics of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in the respiratory and conjunctival mucosa

Cited by 22 publications

References 39 publications

Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Initiates Apoptosis in Uninfected Cells through Paracrine Repression of p53

Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Initiates Apoptosis in Uninfected Cells through Paracrine Repression of p53

Infectious Laryngotracheitis

SARS‐CoV‐2 Presence in the Saliva, Tears, and Cerumen of COVID‐19 Patients

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