No abstract

Component Cap color Storage conditions 2X Environmental Master Mix Orange Shipped at-20°C. After first use, store at 2-8°C if used frequently, otherwise store at-20°C. Protect the 2X Environmental Master Mix from light. DNA Dilution Buffer Clear 16S Primer Set V2-4-8 (10X) Green Store at-15 to-25°C. 16S Primer Set V3-6, 7-9 (10X) Blue Negative Control White E. coli DNA control (30 µg/mL) Red Store at-15 to-25°C. Store separately from other reagents to prevent cross-contamination. Note: For safety and biohazard guidelines, refer to the "Safety" appendix in the Ion 16S ™ Metagenomics Kit User Guide (Pub. no. MAN0010799). Read the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) and follow the handling instructions. Wear appropriate protective eyewear, clothing, and gloves.

Bone cement is a good and cheap option for some ossicular chain problems such as incudostapedial re-bridging. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the audiologic results after reconstruction of three different types of ossicular chain defects, using bone cement. Group 1 consists of 42 patients who underwent an ossiculoplasty using bone cement between the damaged long process of the incus and an intact stapes superstructure. Group 2 consists of 46 patients in which incus interposition between malleus and stapes superstructure was performed, using bone cement to fix the interposed incus. For group 3, consisting of 32 patients who had a present malleus, a defective long process of the incus and a missing stapes superstructure, a re-shaped incus was placed between the stapes footplate and the malleus and bone cement was again used as a fixator. Preoperative and postoperative pure-tone audiometric findings were obtained and hearing differences were assessed. The mean preoperative and postoperative air-bone gaps were 34.8 and 15.6, 35 and 18.4, and 43.4 and 19.8 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was a significant improvement in hearing outcomes in all the groups when comparing preoperative and postoperative mean air-bone gaps (p < 0.001). The postoperative air-bone gap was ≤20 dB in 76 % of patients in group 1, 64 % of patients in group 2, and 46 % of patients in group 3. Bone cement is an effective and cheap option for some ossicular chain problems such as incudostapedial re-bridging. It may also be used to fix the interposed incus to the stapes superstructure and/or malleus to avert displacement.

Objective: We investigated the presence of Helicobacter pylori in laryngeal cancer specimens to reveal whether or not this is a risk factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Methods: Sixty-nine total laryngectomy specimens with the pathologic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and 30 laryngeal tissue samples that had been taken for the investigation of nonneoplastic (polyp, nodule) diseases were studied. Specimens of both tumor and control groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and modified Giemsa stains, and then they were examined under a light microscope. Results: In both groups, H. pylori could not be found in any of the cases. Conclusion: The histologic examination of our series did not reveal any clue related to the possible etiologic association between H. pylori and squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.

Objectives/Hypothesis The emergence of a new coronavirus strain (SARS‐CoV‐2) in December 2019 from China led to a global pandemic. The lack of herd immunity against this virus and the possibility of viral spread from asymptomatic individuals is still a major challenge for the prevention of viral transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the virus in different bodily secretions as a potential source of viral spread among patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Study Design Cross Sectional Study. Methods The study included 38 COVID‐19 patients with a positive real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test result for SARS‐CoV‐2, obtained from the combined nasopharyngeal–oropharyngeal swab samples. Saliva, tear, and cerumen samples were taken from the patients within 72 hours of the first RT‐PCR test. SARS‐CoV‐2 N1 and N2 gene regions were studied with single‐step RT‐PCR in all samples. Results Among the studied samples, the highest positivity rate was in saliva (76.3%) followed by tears (55.3%) and cerumen (39.5%). Viral load in saliva was also significantly higher compared to tears and cerumen (P < .001), while there was no significant difference between tears and cerumen. Higher viral load in combined nasopharyngeal–oropharyngeal swab samples was associated with higher viral load in tears, but not in saliva or cerumen. Half of the saliva, tear, and cerumen samples obtained from asymptomatic patients contained SARS‐CoV‐2 genome. Conclusions The virus was detected in the saliva, tears, and cerumen samples of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The potential role of these bodily fluids on viral spread needs to be studied. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1677–E1682, 2021

No abstract

Multifactor etiologies show some unsolved or misunderstood underlying pathology, or unmentioned environmental factor such as atopy due to rich flora and humidity might exist to consider in the pathophysiology of the otorrhea.

Cerumen can be a potential source of transmission. Therefore, this route should be investigated in further studies for horizontal, nosocomial, and occupational transmission of hepatitis B.