Replacement of salt by a novel potassium‐ and magnesium‐enriched salt alternative improves the cardiovascular effects of ramipril

Abstract

1The influence of salt (sodium chloride; NaCl) (an additional 6% in the diet) and that of a novel sodium-reduced, potassium-, magnesium-, and L-lysine-enriched salt alternative on the cardiovascular effects of ramipril was studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats in a 6-week study. The intake of sodium chloride was adjusted to the same level by adding the salt alternative at a 1.75 times higher amount than regular salt. 2 Salt produced a marked rise in blood pressure and induced cardiac hypertrophy and significant mortality, while the salt alternative neither increased blood pressure nor caused any mortality and produced less cardiac hypertrophy than salt. 3 Ramipril treatment at a daily dose of 3 mg kg' normalized blood pressure and prevented the development of cardiac hypertrophy of rats on control diet. These effects of ramipril were blocked by the addition of salt but were only slightly attenuated by the addition of the salt alternative. The mortality in -the salt group was prevented by ramipril. 4 Responses of mesenteric arterial rings in vitro were examined at the end of the study. Salt, but not the salt alternative, increased vascular contractile responses to noradrenaline. Ramipril treatment improved the arterial relaxation responses to acetylcholine and to sodium nitroprusside. The vascular relaxation enhancing effect of ramipril was blocked by salt but only slightly attenuated by the salt alternative. 5 Ramipril treatment did not significantly increase plasma renin activity in the presence or in the absence of salt supplementation. The salt alternative did not cause hyperkalaemia, either alone or in combination with ramipril treatment. 6 Both salt supplementations, irrespective of ramipril treatment, induced a six to eight fold increase in the urinary excretion of calcium. There was an expected 90 to 140% rise in the urinary excretion of magnesium and 200% rise in the urinary excretion of potassium in the salt alternative group. Salt also produced an approximately 50% increase in magnesuria. 7 Our findings suggest that replacement of salt by the potassium-, magnesium-and L-lysine-enriched salt alternative improves the cardiovascular effects of ramipril. In the present study the beneficial effect was related to the increased intakes of potassium and/or magnesium and L-lysine from the salt alternative because the amount of sodium chloride was the same.

Long-term intervention with Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk reduces augmentation index in hypertensive subjects

“…Calcium has been shown to enhance vasorelaxation in experimental trials (Mäkynen et al, 1996;Jones et al, 1997). Potassium and magnesium also have beneficial effects on vascular function (Mervaala et al, 1994;Mäkynen et al, 1995;Tolvanen et al, 1998). On the other hand, the electrolyte concentrations did not differ markedly between the test and placebo drinks.…”

Replacement of Regular Salt by a Novel Salt Alternative Improves the Cardiovascular Effects of the ACE Inhibitor Enalapril.

“…The vascular relaxation enhancing effect of ramipril was blocked by regular salt supplementation (34). However, during the salt alternative supplemented diet (sodium chloride intake adjusted to the same level) the vascular relaxation enhancing effect of ramipril was only slightly attenuated (34). Hence, changes in vascular reactivity may also explain the hypertensive effect of sodium chloride and the beneficial effects of potassium, magnesium and /-lysine.…”

“…In agreement with these studies, we found recently (34) that in SHRSP ramipril improved vascular relaxation during a low-sodium diet. The vascular relaxation enhancing effect of ramipril was blocked by regular salt supplementation (34). However, during the salt alternative supplemented diet (sodium chloride intake adjusted to the same level) the vascular relaxation enhancing effect of ramipril was only slightly attenuated (34).…”

Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk reduces arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects

“…Calcium improves vasorelaxation in experimental trials (Jolma et al, 2003;Ma¨kynen, Ka¨ho¨nen, Wu, Arvola, & Po¨rsti, 1996). Potassium and magnesium improve beneficial effects of ACE inhibition on vascular function (Mervaala et al, 1994). The effects of potassium might be mediated by increasing endothelial nitric oxide production (Zhou, Kosaka, & Yoneyama, 2000).…”