Repeated Sampling of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) for Monitoring of Nondestructive Parameters During Exposure to a Synthetic Produced Water

Abstract

The past decades of monitoring discharges from oil and gas industry have revealed that although there are indications of adverse effects in tissues of aquatic organisms, little is known about their temporal development. Furthermore, observations in wild-caught individuals have not been clearly reproduced in laboratory studies or caging studies, and vice versa, and the results are therefore not easily interpretable. There is clearly a need for exposure studies designed for monitoring the development of effect markers in individual fish over chronic periods to low contaminant levels. Through repetitive nondestructive sampling, the progression of effects may be monitored in individuals, significantly reducing the number of fish needed in exposure studies. A laboratory exposure study was designed to be able to monitor selected parameters in individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Passive integrated transponders in combination with visible implant elastomers were used to study individual fish during the exposure period (44 wk). Fish were measured (weight and length) and a blood sample was taken for analysis of hematocrit, DNA damage (micronucleus), and oxidative stress (total oxyradical scavenging capacity) at up to seven time points. There were no apparent adverse effects of treatments on the health of experimental fish, frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes, or oxidative stress in whole blood. It is possible that the time scale was not sufficient for development and detection of parameters included here or that red blood cells may not be a suitable matrix for the selected analyses. Future studies need to include other parameters in blood to investigate their sensitivity to low-concentration exposures.

Impact of Contaminated Water and Sediment on Fish Species of Peshawar Region, KPK, Pakistan

“…The measured heavy metal levels did not surpass the national and international regulatory organisations' limits, however the examined fish species are more prone to pollutants. Brito and colleagues studied waterways in developing countries (2012) MN analysis in fish erythrocytes is a key approach for demonstrating the activities of genotoxic substances present in water as a biomonitoring tool, in addition to its low cost and convenience of application (Kumar et al, 2013;Holth et al, 2011). The ichthyofauna can be utilized to detect urban, agricultural, and industrial impacts on rivers because of their characteristics and sensitivity to changes in water and sediment, as indicated in this study.…”

The chemical defensome of five model teleost fish

“…Genomes of zebrafish, medaka, killifish, and stickleback were chosen based on their widespread use as model species in both developmental and toxicological studies 12 – 15 . Atlantic cod is an ecologically and economically important species in the North Atlantic Ocean, and has commonly been used as a bioindicator species in environmental monitoring programs 16 – 18 . The genome of Atlantic cod was first published in 2011 19 , which has facilitated its increased use as model in toxicological studies 20 – 24 .…”

The Chemical Defensome of Fish: Conservation and Divergence of Genes Involved in Sensing and Responding to Pollutants Among Five Model Teleosts

“…Zebrafish, medaka, killifish, and stickleback are established laboratory and environmental model species in both developmental and toxicological studies [12][13][14][15] . Atlantic cod is an ecologically and economically important species in the North Atlantic Ocean, and has commonly been used as a bioindicator species in environmental monitoring programs [16][17][18] . The genome of Atlantic cod was published in 2011 19 , which has facilitated its increased use as model in toxicological studies [20][21][22][23][24] .…”