BRAC, a local non-governmental organisation is providing reproductive health knowledge for rural adolescents belonging to poor families. There productive curriculum covers a wide range of issue from puberty reproduction and menstruation, marriage and pregnancy, STDs and AIDS, family planning and birth control, are recruited and trained. Classes are taught to both male and female adolescents. An important aspect of implementation is the involvement of stakeholders (teachers, students, parents, religious leaders and community members) in selecting location of schools and deciding school management committees. To ensure effective implementation, a system of supervising and monitoring is in place. The strengths of the programme are many-there is an emphasis on community involvement, the introduction of basic knowledge on reproductive matters and links have been created whereby students, teachers and programme staff act as referrals to health centres and other formal health facilities for community members. Some weaknesses are identified, such as, monitoring constraints, insufficient training, teaching hours and teaching aids, and a lack of awareness of interactive teaching methods. Cultural considerations hinder female teachers from teaching adolescents boys freely. Some of the challenges to the programme are the conservative cultural environment and religious opposition in some areas. Currently the programme is on in 803 schools, covering a population of 27,175 rural adolescents.
Rivers in the KPK Peshawar region of Pak are subjected to a variety of anthropogenic impacts, Agricultural operations, industry, and urban garbage are all examples. The purpose of The goal of this research was to find out the degree of water contamination by showing a testing that includes in situ bio-monitoring of water constituents on Geno-toxicity in local fish species. Three places in the region were tested for Geno-toxicity using the micronucleus test. At sample locations like the urban perimeter, farmland, and the fertiliser industry, it was interesting to observe if there were any differences between monitored species control and such Characidium fasciatum, Astyanax fasciatus, Astyanax altiparanae. Records showed that the species from sites one, Two, and Three had a considerably greater frequency of Micronucleus when compared to fish from site Four. The frequency of Micronucleus was substantially higher in and A. altiparanae and A. fasciatus erythrocytes at sites one and two. Micronucleus frequencies were higher at site three in C. fasciatum. Micronucleus induction in C. fasciatum was associated to Cr levels in water and sediment, whereas A. altiparanae and A. fasciatum were linked to zinc levels in water and sediment. Received: 11 July 2022 / Accepted: 19 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022
Background:The exclusion of patients with autoimmune disease has been a topic of cancer immunotherapy trial. This study aims to find recent trends in exclusion of autoimmune disease. Methods: Using the website clinicaltrials. gov, we searched for clinical trials that were initiated in 2012 or later and enrolled patients with lung cancer who were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Only trials including US locations were analyzed. Results: A total of 198 trials met screening criteria in this study. There were 68 trials which had complete exclusion of any autoimmune disease in patients. In addition, 13 trials excluded active autoimmune disease and 87 trials excluded active autoimmune disease requiring treatment. The remaining 37 trials had undefined exclusion. Studies that had larger enrollment of patients with autoimmune diseases were largely in industry. The complete exclusion of patients with autoimmune diseases has decreased recently. Conclusion: Exclusion of patients with active autoimmune disease requiring treatment was one of the common exclusion criteria found. Strict exclusion of patients with autoimmune diseases has been decreasing over the years.
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