Repeated exposure to hair dye induces regulatory T cells in mice

Rubin, Ingrid Maria Cecilia; Dabelsteen, Sally; Nielsen, Morten Milek; White, Ian R.; Johansen, Jeanne Duus; Geisler, Carsten; Bonefeld, Charlotte M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09988.x

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As children and teenagers also dye their hair, a similar disease spectrum is encountered in these groups (16). Besides the severe cutaneous and respiratory complications, the potential systemic consequences of contact allergy to hair dyes are currently unknown (17,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

et al. 2012

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SummaryThe cosmetic industry producing hair dyes has, for many years, recommended that their consumers perform 'a hair dye allergy self-test' or similar prior to hair dyeing, to identify individuals who are likely to react upon subsequent hair dyeing. This review offers important information on the requirements for correct validation of screening tests, and concludes that, in its present form, the hair dye self-test has severe limitations: (i) it is not a screening test but a diagnostic test; (ii) it has not been validated according to basic criteria defined by scientists; (iii) it has been evaluated in the wrong population group; (iv) skin reactions have been read by dermatologists and not by the targeted group (consumers and hairdressers); (v) hair dyes contain strong and extreme sensitizers that are left on the skin in high concentrations, potentially resulting in active sensitization; and (vi) recommendations and instructions on how to perform the hair dye self-test vary greatly even among products from the same company, again suggesting that the basis for safe use of the test has not been determined. If the use of a hair dye self-test to predict contact sensitization becomes widespread, there is severe risk that a tool has been marketed that may cause morbidity in European consumers.Key words: allergy alert test; diagnostics; hair dyes; nickel; p-phenylenediamine; screening; self-test; skin alert test.Contact allergy, defined as positive patch test reactions to common haptens, is frequent in general populations, affecting up to 20% of people (1-3). It is Correspondence: Jacob P. Thyssen, Department of Dermatolo-Allergology Gentofte Hospital, National Allergy Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 3977 3977; Fax: +45 3977 7118. E-mail: jacpth01@geh.regionh.dk Accepted for publication 15 February 2012 caused by repeated or prolonged cutaneous exposure to contact allergens, including metals such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium; preservatives, such as isothiazolinones, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, formaldehyde, and formaldehyde-releasers; fragrance substances, such as Myroxylon pereirae, Evernia prunastri, limonene, and isoeugenol; and finally, a wide range of very different chemicals, such as those present in topical drugs, plants, and hair dyes. Contact allergy is considered to be the latent

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confidence: 99%

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

et al. 2012

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“…21 Due to hypersensitivity, allergy reaction, and immune response, permanent hair dyes such as PDA and its related chemicals have been widely investigated. [1][2][3][4][5] Since PDA or its related chemicals are used more extensively than oxidative hair dyes, their immune-toxicity, carcinogenesis, and genetic toxicity is problematic to human skin keratinocyte cells. 4,5 Mosley-Foreman et al 3 reported that permanent hair dye revealed cytotoxicity against human skin keratinocyte cells under light irradiation, and no chemical structure-related phototoxicity of derivatives of PDA was found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 In particular, consumer-available PDA-containing hair dyes are known to be potent immune activators that lead to increased inflammatory cytokines. 2 Furthermore, PDA may cause deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage or gene toxicity against human skin keratinocyte cells under light irradiation. 3 Derivatives of PDA chemicals are known to induce DNA damage and carcinogenic reactions in human skin keratinocyte cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair dye-incorporated poly-γ-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan nanoparticles based on ion-complex formation

Lee¹,

Jeong²,

Choi³

2011

IJN

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Background: p-Phenylenediamine (PDA) or its related chemicals are used more extensively than oxidative hair dyes. However, permanent hair dyes such as PDA are known to have potent contact allergy reactions in humans, and severe allergic reactions are problematic. Methods: PDA-incorporated nanoparticles were prepared based on ion-complex formation between the cationic groups of PDA and the anionic groups of poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA). To reinforce PDA/PGA ion complexes, glycol chitosan (GC) was added. PDA-incorporated nanoparticles were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Results: Nanoparticles were formed by ion-complex formation between the amine groups of PDA and the carboxyl groups of PGA. PDA-incorporated nanoparticles are small in size (,100 nm), and morphological observations showed spherical shapes. FT-IR spectra results showed that the carboxylic acid peak of PGA decreased with increasing PDA content, indicating that the ion complexes were formed between the carboxyl groups of PGA and the amine groups of PDA. Furthermore, the intrinsic peak of the carboxyl groups of PGA was also decreased by the addition of GC. Intrinsic crystalline peaks of PDA were observed by XRD. This crystalline peak of PDA was completely nonexistent when nanoparticles were formed by ion complex between PDA, PGA, and GC, indicating that PDA was complexed with PGA and no free drug existed in the formulation. During the drug-release experiment, an initial burst release of PDA was observed, and then PDA was continuously released over 1 week. Cytotoxicity testing against HaCaT human skin keratinocyte cells showed PDA-incorporated nanoparticles had lower toxicity than PDA itself. Furthermore, PDA-incorporated nanoparticles showed reduced apoptosis and necrosis reaction at HaCaT cells. Conclusion:The authors suggest that these microparticles are ideal candidates for a vehicle for decreasing side effects of hair dye.

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“…Finally, the exposure regime also seems to play a critical role in the immune response induced by hair dye. Using an experimental set‐up in which mice were repeatedly exposed to the hair dyes every second week for a total of 10 weeks, we found that both PPD‐containing and PTD‐containing hair dyes still induced an immune response, albeit to a lesser extent than seen with the modified version of the LLNA . The explanation for this seems to be that, in addition to proinflammatory mechanisms, repeated hair dye exposure also induced anti‐inflammatory mechanisms, such as regulatory T cell and skin IL‐10 production .…”

Section: Effects Of Mixing Contact Allergensmentioning

confidence: 92%

Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens

et al. 2017

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SummaryAllergic contact dermatitis is one of the most frequent forms of skin inflammation. Very often, we are exposed to mixtures of allergens with varying potencies, doses/areas, and exposure times. Therefore, improved knowledge about immune responses to combinations of contact allergens is highly relevant. In this article, we provide a general introduction to immune responses to contact allergens, and discuss the literature concerning immune responses to mixtures of allergens. According to the existing evidence, increased responses are induced following sensitization with combinations of allergens as compared with single allergens. The response to a mixture of allergens can be both additive and synergistic, depending on the dose and combination of allergens. Importantly, sensitization with combinations of either fragrance allergens or metal salts can result in increased challenge responses to specific allergens within the mixture. Taken together, the immune responses to mixtures of allergens are complex, and further studies are required to obtain the necessary knowledge to improve consumer safety.Key words: fragrances; hair dyes; metals; mixtures of allergens.Contact allergy is very frequent in the European population, as shown by Diepgen et al., who found that 27% were sensitised to common allergens (1). This may lead to allergic contact dermatitis if exposure exceeds the individual threshold of response.The allergic response is frequently directed towards nickel, cobalt, fragrances, hair dye chemicals, or preservatives. Many of these molecules are categorized as weak to moderate allergens -this term will be used throughout the article for (pre/pro)haptens (2). Surprisingly, even 'weak to moderate' allergens do induce allergic contact dermatitis in many people. This indicates that exposure parameters, such as dose and exposure frequency, are critical. Interestingly, consumers are rarely exposed to one isolated allergen, but are more often exposed to mixtures of allergens, for example in the form of metal alloys, cosmetics, and cleaning agents (3, 4). The impact of being exposed to a mixture of allergens instead of a single allergen has not been well studied. Studies from our group have suggested that exposure to mixtures of allergens has a great impact on the immune responses to single allergens within the mixture. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on how exposure to mixtures of contact allergens affects the immune system by (i) altering the chemical properties of single allergens in the mixtures, (ii) changing the inflammatory response, and (iii) affecting T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Furthermore, we will discuss other factors, such as the presence of irritants, a disrupted skin barrier, local skin inflammation, and local skin memory, that could increase the response to allergens. Finally, we will discuss the clinical impact of

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Repeated exposure to hair dye induces regulatory T cells in mice

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Hair dye-incorporated poly-γ-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan nanoparticles based on ion-complex formation

Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens

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Repeated exposure to hair dye induces regulatory T cells in mice

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Hair dye-incorporated poly-&gamma;-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan nanoparticles based on ion-complex formation

Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens

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Product

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About

Hair dye-incorporated poly-γ-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan nanoparticles based on ion-complex formation