Hair dye-incorporated poly-γ-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan nanoparticles based on ion-complex formation

Abstract

Background: p-Phenylenediamine (PDA) or its related chemicals are used more extensively than oxidative hair dyes. However, permanent hair dyes such as PDA are known to have potent contact allergy reactions in humans, and severe allergic reactions are problematic. Methods: PDA-incorporated nanoparticles were prepared based on ion-complex formation between the cationic groups of PDA and the anionic groups of poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA). To reinforce PDA/PGA ion complexes, glycol chitosan (GC) was added. PDA-incorporated nanoparticles were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Results: Nanoparticles were formed by ion-complex formation between the amine groups of PDA and the carboxyl groups of PGA. PDA-incorporated nanoparticles are small in size (,100 nm), and morphological observations showed spherical shapes. FT-IR spectra results showed that the carboxylic acid peak of PGA decreased with increasing PDA content, indicating that the ion complexes were formed between the carboxyl groups of PGA and the amine groups of PDA. Furthermore, the intrinsic peak of the carboxyl groups of PGA was also decreased by the addition of GC. Intrinsic crystalline peaks of PDA were observed by XRD. This crystalline peak of PDA was completely nonexistent when nanoparticles were formed by ion complex between PDA, PGA, and GC, indicating that PDA was complexed with PGA and no free drug existed in the formulation. During the drug-release experiment, an initial burst release of PDA was observed, and then PDA was continuously released over 1 week. Cytotoxicity testing against HaCaT human skin keratinocyte cells showed PDA-incorporated nanoparticles had lower toxicity than PDA itself. Furthermore, PDA-incorporated nanoparticles showed reduced apoptosis and necrosis reaction at HaCaT cells. Conclusion:The authors suggest that these microparticles are ideal candidates for a vehicle for decreasing side effects of hair dye.

Chitosan Modified Poly(lactic-Co-Glycolic) Acid Nanoparticles Interaction With Normal, Precancerous Keratinocytes and Dental Pulp Cells

“…39 Interestingly, PDA-incorporated NPs showed reduced apoptosis and necrosis reaction in HaCaT cells. 39 A possible explanation for the chitosan NPs high biocompatibilty could be that chitosan is much more cytotoxic in a free soluble form than when it is incorporated into NPs, due to the fact that in the case of NPs, a signifi cant portion of the positive amino groups of chitosan are engaged in electrostatic interractions. 38,40 To confi rm PLGAChi NPs effi ciency in intracellular penetration, the cellular internalization of PLGAChi NPs conjugated with fl uorescein was investigated by fl uorescence microscopy.…”

Chitosan Modified Poly(lactic-Co-Glycolic) Acid Nanoparticles Interaction With Normal, Precancerous Keratinocytes and Dental Pulp Cells

“…9 Poly-γ-glutamic acid/glycol chitosan NPs incorporating p-phenylenediamine (PDA) showed lower cytotoxicity against HaCaT human skin keratinocyte cells than PDA alone. 39 Interestingly, PDA-incorporated NPs showed reduced apoptosis and necrosis reaction in HaCaT cells. 39 A possible explanation for the chitosan NPs high biocompatibilty could be that chitosan is much more cytotoxic in a free soluble form than when it is incorporated into NPs, due to the fact that in the case of NPs, a signifi cant portion of the positive amino groups of chitosan are engaged in electrostatic interractions.…”