“…The first one is a direct process, shown in the equation 3, where the CO 2 promotes the dehydrogenation through reoxidizing the catalyst surface, reduced by isobutane. This one-step pathway is in agreement with the Mars and van Krevelen mechanism [11,12]. The second one, known as a two-step pathway, is a simple dehydrogenation (equation 1) followed by the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS, equation 4):…”