Reoviruses (Rotaviruses and Reoviruses)

Shepherd, Frances K.; Freeman, Mark O.; Culhane, Marie; Marthaler, Douglas

doi:10.1002/9781119350927.ch43

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…Viruses from the family Reoviridae are non-enveloped viruses with an icosahedral capsid and a segmented genome of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. Among this family of viruses, rotaviruses and reoviruses are capable of infecting pigs ( 1 , 2 ). Both clinical and subclinical rotavirus infections have been documented in pigs and it has been established that young animals are more susceptible to severe disease when compared to immunocompetent adults ( 3 , 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated From the Porcine Gut Modulate Innate Immune Responses in Epithelial Cells and Improve Protection Against Intestinal Viral-Bacterial Superinfection

et al. 2021

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Previously, we constructed a library of Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains from the intestine of wakame-fed pigs and reported a strain-dependent capacity to modulate IFN-β expression in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells. In this work, we further characterized the immunomodulatory activities of L. salivarius strains from wakame-fed pigs by evaluating their ability to modulate TLR3- and TLR4-mediated innate immune responses in PIE cells. Two strains with a remarkable immunomodulatory potential were selected: L. salivarius FFIG35 and FFIG58. Both strains improved IFN-β, IFN-λ and antiviral factors expression in PIE cells after TLR3 activation, which correlated with an enhanced resistance to rotavirus infection. Moreover, a model of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)/rotavirus superinfection in PIE cells was developed. Cells were more susceptible to rotavirus infection when the challenge occurred in conjunction with ETEC compared to the virus alone. However, L. salivarius FFIG35 and FFIG58 maintained their ability to enhance IFN-β, IFN-λ and antiviral factors expression in PIE cells, and to reduce rotavirus replication in the context of superinfection. We also demonstrated that FFIG35 and FFIG58 strains regulated the immune response of PIE cells to rotavirus challenge or ETEC/rotavirus superinfection through the modulation of negative regulators of the TLR signaling pathway. In vivo studies performed in mice models confirmed the ability of L. salivarius FFIG58 to beneficially modulate the innate immune response and protect against ETEC infection. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of beneficial lactobacilli interactions with epithelial cells and allow us to hypothesize that the FFIG35 or FFIG58 strains could be used for the development of highly efficient functional feed to improve immune health status and reduce the severity of intestinal infections and superinfections in weaned piglets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated From the Porcine Gut Modulate Innate Immune Responses in Epithelial Cells and Improve Protection Against Intestinal Viral-Bacterial Superinfection

et al. 2021

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“…Multiple rotavirus groups have been identified, with rotavirus A being the most common and pathogenic to pigs, B being less common, and C primarily affecting preweaning pigs ( Shepherd et al, 2019 ). Rotavirus infections also occur with other etiologies, increasing the severity of disease ( Shepherd et al, 2019 ). Viral replication occurs within the epithelium of the intestine, leading to villus blunting and reduced absorptive capacity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors

Gebhardt

Tokach

Dritz

et al. 2020

Translational Animal Science

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Postweaning mortality is extremely complex with a multitude of noninfectious and infectious contributing factors. In the current review, our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. While infectious mortality is often categorized by physiologic body system affected, we believe the complex multifactorial nature is better understood by an alternative stratification dependent on intervention type. This category method subjectively combines disease pathogenesis knowledge, epidemiology, and economic consequences. These intervention categories included depopulation of affected cohorts of animals, elimination protocols using knowledge of immunity and epidemiology, or less aggressive interventions. The most aggressive approach to control infectious etiologies is through herd depopulation and repopulation. Historically, these protocols were successful for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and swine dysentery among others. Additionally, this aggressive measure likely would be used to minimize disease spread if either a foreign animal disease was introduced or pseudorabies virus was reintroduced into domestic swine populations. Elimination practices have been successful for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and porcine deltacoronavirus, swine influenza virus, nondysentery Brachyspira spp., and others. Porcine circovirus type 2 can have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality; however, it is often adequately controlled through immunization. Many other infectious etiologies present in swine production have not elicited these aggressive control measures. This may be because less aggressive control measures, such as vaccination, management, and therapeutics, are effective, their impact on mortality or productivity is not great enough to warrant, or there is inadequate understanding to employ control procedures efficaciously and efficiently. Since there are many infectious agents and noninfectious contributors, emphasis should continue to be placed on those infectious agents with the greatest impact to minimize postweaning mortality.

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“…Rotaviruses are double-stranded segmented RNA viruses in the Reoviridae family that are among the leading causes of diarrheal disease in a wide range of host species including swine (Estes and Greenberg, 2013;Shepherd et al, 2019). Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most common rotavirus species identified in pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RVA infects the small intestinal epithelium and causes sloughing of the villi, leading to malabsorptive diarrhea which is most severe in young piglets. Since piglets are born agammaglobulinemic, passive lactogenic immunity is required to protect them from RVA morbidity and mortality (Hammerberg et al, 1989;Bianchi et al, 1999;Shepherd et al, 2019). Evidence suggests that some heterotypic protection can occur through stimulating active immunity with multiple exposures to one or several viral strains (Bishop et al, 1986;Chiba et al, 1993;Franco et al, 2006;Jiang et al, 2013;Nair et al, 2017), but it is not well understood whether passive immunity offers the same breadth of protection for piglets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plus, this approach does not recapitulate the polyclonal immune response in a natural infection and may fail to comprehensively describe epitopic residues due to the random nature of mAb isolation. Moreover, available epitope research utilizing porcine RVA strains is limited to 4 of the 12 G genotypes identified in pigs and has not been described for G9 strains, the most common G genotype in swine (Aoki et al, 2009;Vlasova et al, 2017;Shepherd et al, 2019). Instead, in silico epitope prediction from genetic data provides a unique opportunity for high throughput, clinically relevant analysis of gene sequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leveraging a Validated in silico Approach to Elucidate Genotype-Specific VP7 Epitopes and Antigenic Relationships of Porcine Rotavirus A

et al. 2020

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Rotavirus A (RVA) remains one of the most widespread causes of diarrheal disease and mortality in piglets despite decades of research and efforts to boost lactogenic immunity for passive protection. Genetic changes at B cell epitopes (BCEs) may be driving failure of lactogenic immunity, which relies on production of IgA antibodies to passively neutralize RVA within the piglet gut, yet little research has mapped epitopes to swine-specific strains of RVA. Here we describe a bioinformatic approach to predict BCEs on the VP7 outer capsid protein using sequence data alone. We first validated the approach using a previously published dataset of VP7-specific cross-neutralization titers, and found that amino acid changes at predicted BCEs on the VP7 protein allowed for accurate recapitulation of antigenic relationships among the strains. Applying the approach to a dataset of swine RVA sequences identified 9 of the 11 known BCEs previously mapped to swine strains, indicating that epitope prediction can identify sites that are known to drive neutralization escape in vitro. Additional genotype-specific BCEs were also predicted that may be the cause of antigenic differences among strains of RVA on farms and should be targeted for further confirmatory work. The results of this work lay the groundwork for high throughput, immunologically-relevant analysis of swine RVA sequence data, and provide potential sites that can be targeted with vaccines to reduce piglet mortality and support farm health.

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Reoviruses (Rotaviruses and Reoviruses)

Cited by 8 publications

References 177 publications

Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated From the Porcine Gut Modulate Innate Immune Responses in Epithelial Cells and Improve Protection Against Intestinal Viral-Bacterial Superinfection

Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated From the Porcine Gut Modulate Innate Immune Responses in Epithelial Cells and Improve Protection Against Intestinal Viral-Bacterial Superinfection

Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors

Leveraging a Validated in silico Approach to Elucidate Genotype-Specific VP7 Epitopes and Antigenic Relationships of Porcine Rotavirus A

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