Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors

Gebhardt, Jordan T; Tokach, Mike D; Dritz, S. S.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Woodworth, J. C.; Goodband, Robert D.; Henry, Steve

doi:10.1093/tas/txaa052

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 182 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, some of the individuals are asymptomatic and yet disseminate the organisms to other individuals, which could be called a carrier state. Herd immunity refers to the indirect protection of individuals in a population who are not vaccinated or otherwise immune; this indirect protection arises as a consequence of the immunity of others in their community ( 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Modeling for the Prediction of Infectious Disease Dissemination With Special Reference to COVID-19 Spread

Yadav

Akhter

2021

Front. Public Health

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In this review, we have discussed the different statistical modeling and prediction techniques for various infectious diseases including the recent pandemic of COVID-19. The distribution fitting, time series modeling along with predictive monitoring approaches, and epidemiological modeling are illustrated. When the epidemiology data is sufficient to fit with the required sample size, the normal distribution in general or other theoretical distributions are fitted and the best-fitted distribution is chosen for the prediction of the spread of the disease. The infectious diseases develop over time and we have data on the single variable that is the number of infections that happened, therefore, time series models are fitted and the prediction is done based on the best-fitted model. Monitoring approaches may also be applied to time series models which could estimate the parameters more precisely. In epidemiological modeling, more biological parameters are incorporated in the models and the forecasting of the disease spread is carried out. We came up with, how to improve the existing modeling methods, the use of fuzzy variables, and detection of fraud in the available data. Ultimately, we have reviewed the results of recent statistical modeling efforts to predict the course of COVID-19 spread.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Modeling for the Prediction of Infectious Disease Dissemination With Special Reference to COVID-19 Spread

Yadav

Akhter

2021

Front. Public Health

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“…2 concept was supported by the findings of our study. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is often multifactorial, involving different combinations of viruses and bacteria (A. pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae), causing severe losses [8,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Streptococcus suis and Haemophilus parasuis are also associated with PRDC [8]. Tetracyclines could have been used to treat these bacterial pathogens in post-weaning and fattening pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indications and patterns of antimicrobial use in pig farms in the southern Kyushu, Japan: large amounts of tetracyclines used to treat respiratory disease in post-weaning and fattening pigs

Toya

Sasaki

Uemura

et al. 2021

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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In Japan, reducing the use of antimicrobials in pig production is a significant problem.However, there are no published reports concerning porcine disease treatment, as related to the age of the pigs and the indications (e.g., organ system) in Japan. In this study, we analyzed the prescription records of 17 farrow-to-finish farms from 2014 to 2018 in southern Kyushu, Japan. The farms' antimicrobial usage was calculated as the active ingredient per population correction unit (PCU) or the number of treated pigs per PCU using the defined daily dose. All data were analyzed according to the indications and production stages (sows, suckling pigs, post-weaning pigs, and fattening pigs). In terms of active ingredients/PCU, tetracyclines were the most commonly used (43.2-59.3%), and the largest amounts of antimicrobials administered through feeds were for treating the respiratory organs of fattening pigs. In terms of the number of treated pigs/PCU, tetracyclines were most frequently used (16.3-31.1%), and a high frequency of antimicrobials administered through feeds was used for the treatment of respiratory organs in post-weaning pigs. In this study, it was confirmed that tetracyclines were used frequently as a herd treatment for respiratory diseases in post-weaning and fattening pigs in southern Kyushu, Japan. The findings suggest that it is necessary to improve the treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases in post-weaning and fattening pigs in order to reduce the frequencies of antimicrobial treatments.

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“…Since 2006, however, the use of in-feed antibiotics has been prohibited in Europe [ 24 ], and further restrictions with respect to Cu and Zn in piglet diets are either already in place or are expected to be implemented in the near future [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Combined with the fact that gastro-intestinal problems rank amongst the highest causes of morbidity and mortality in pig production [ 28 , 29 , 30 ], these restrictions have created a need for other dietary interventions aimed at improving the health of the gastro-intestinal tract (“gut health”, as discussed by Pluske et al [ 31 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Hüting

Middelkoop

Guan

et al. 2021

Animals

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This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet’s gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.

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Postweaning mortality in commercial swine production II: review of infectious contributing factors

Cited by 30 publications

References 182 publications

Statistical Modeling for the Prediction of Infectious Disease Dissemination With Special Reference to COVID-19 Spread

Statistical Modeling for the Prediction of Infectious Disease Dissemination With Special Reference to COVID-19 Spread

Indications and patterns of antimicrobial use in pig farms in the southern Kyushu, Japan: large amounts of tetracyclines used to treat respiratory disease in post-weaning and fattening pigs

Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

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