Reno-, hepato- and splenomegaly of common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) diseased in swimbladder inflammation caused by Sphaerospora renicola Dyková et Lom, 1982

Al-Samman, A.; Molnár, Kálmán; Székely, Csaba; Reiczigel, Jenő

doi:10.1556/avet.51.2003.3.7

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Previously, systemic pathological changes causing massive swelling of hematopoietic organs of common carp were reported for S. dykovae infections [11, 40, 41]; however, the presence of other myxozoans in these cases cannot be excluded [42]. In the isolated S. molnari infection model, we observed macroscopic changes from 42 dpi onwards and until the end of the experiment, with head kidneys, trunk kidneys and livers being visibly enlarged in all experimental fish.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…We have recently established the first continuous in vivo model system for myxozoan pre-sporogonic proliferative stages. The model employs Sphaerospora molnari , a common parasite of carp in pond cultures and natural freshwater habitats in central and eastern Europe [11, 12]. In natural infections, S. molnari invades the epithelia of skin and gills where it forms spores intracellularly [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari

et al. 2019

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Background Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expansion of the infection in the fish host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life-cycle stages are available throughout the year. Results We have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari , while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63-day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell-mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efflux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinflammatory response for about 1–2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post-infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response. Our data further revealed a switch to a massive anti-inflammatory response (up to 1456-fold expression of il-10 ), a strong increase in the expression of IgM transcripts and increased number of IgM + B lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies for the elimination of most of the parasites from the fish at 35 dpi. However, despite the presence of these antibodies, S. molnari invades the liver 42 dpi, where an increase in parasite cell number and indistinguishable outer cell membranes are indicative of effective exploitation and disguise mechanisms. From 49 dpi onwards, the acute infection changes to a chronic one, with low parasite numbers remaining in the fish. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time myxozoan early development and immune modulation mechanisms have been analyzed along with innate and adaptive immune responses of its fish host, in a controlled laboratory system. Our study adds important information on host–parasite interaction and co-evolutionary adaptation of early metazoans (Cnidaria) with basic vertebrate (fish) immune systems and the evolution of host adaptation and parasite immune evasion strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3462-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari

et al. 2019

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“…Several authors have also studied the pathogenicity in detail (Molnár, 1980a;Odening, 1987;Dyková and Lom, 1988). Al-Samman et al (2003) reported that swimbladder changes were accompanied by reno-, hepato-and splenomegaly in carp fry suffering from SBI.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular phylogeny of the kidney-parasitic Sphaerospora renicola from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sphaerospora sp. from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)

Eszterbauer

Székely

2004

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The genetic relatedness of two kidney-parasitic Sphaerospora species was studied. Although S. renicola, the causative agent of swimbladder inflammation of common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio), and Sphaerospora sp. originating from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) were indistinguishable on the basis of spore morphology, they were found to be genetically different as their 18S rDNA sequences shared only 71.9% identical nucleotides. In the phylogenetic trees, Sphaerospora sp. from goldfish grouped with Myxidium truttae (AJ582061) within the clade of the coelozoic freshwater species. Sphaerospora renicola clustered with S. molnari (AF378345) within the group of myxosporeans histozoic in gills. The topology of the six Sphaerospora species on the phylogenetic trees implied that myxospore morphology does not correlate with the genetic relationships, and the genus seems to be polyphyletic.

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“…This could potentially worsen an immune-compromised condition caused by high numbers of S. dykovae in the swim bladder or vice versa . While the order of appearance of the two parasites has yet to be resolved, considerable swelling of all haematopoietic organs has been reported in a number of SBI cases [3, 36, 37] with myxozoan blood stages misidentified as Haemogregarina cyprini in [36], while S. dykovae infection is usually characterised by swelling of only the kidney [10]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular fingerprinting of the myxozoan community in common carp suffering Swim Bladder Inflammation (SBI) identifies multiple etiological agents

Holzer

Hartigan

Patra

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundSwim bladder inflammation (SBI) is an important disease of common carp fingerlings in Central Europe. In the 1980s, its etiology was ascribed to multicellular proliferative stages of the myxozoan parasite Sphaerospora dykovae (formerly S. renicola). S. dykovae was reported to proliferate in the blood and in the swim bladder prior to the invasion of the kidney, where sporogony takes place. Due to the presence of emerging numbers of proliferative myxozoan blood stages at different carp culture sites in recent years we analysed cases of SBI, for the first time, using molecular diagnostics, to identify the myxozoan parasites present in diseased swim bladders.MethodsWe amplified myxozoan SSU rDNA in a non-specific approach and compared the species composition in swim bladders at culture sites where carp demonstrated 1. No signs of SBI, 2. Minor pathological changes, and 3. Heavy SBI. Based on DNA sequences, we determined the localisation and distribution of the most frequent species by in situ hybridisation, thereby determining which myxozoans are involved in SBI.ResultsLarge multicellular myxozoan swim bladder stages characterised heavy SBI cases and were identified as S. dykovae, however, blood stages were predominantly represented by Sphaerospora molnari, whose numbers were greatly increased in carp with mild and heavy SBI, compared with SBI-free fish. S. molnari was found to invade different organs and cause inflammatory changes also in the absence of S. dykovae. One site with mild SBI cases was characterised by Buddenbrockia sp. infection in different organs and a general granulomatous response.ConclusionsWe provide evidence that the etiology of SBI can vary in relation to culture site and disease severity and that emerging numbers of S. molnari in the blood represent an important co-factor or precondition for SBI.

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Reno-, hepato- and splenomegaly of common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) diseased in swimbladder inflammation caused by Sphaerospora renicola Dyková et Lom, 1982

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari

The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari

Molecular phylogeny of the kidney-parasitic Sphaerospora renicola from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sphaerospora sp. from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)

Molecular fingerprinting of the myxozoan community in common carp suffering Swim Bladder Inflammation (SBI) identifies multiple etiological agents

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