Renin Release, an Artifact of Anesthesia and its Implications in Rats

Pettinger, William A.; Tanaka, Keiichi; Keeton, Kent; Campbell, William B.; Brooks, Stephen N.

doi:10.3181/00379727-148-38597

Cited by 99 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…We confirmed the elevation of PRA and plasma Ang II levels under dehydration as shown in Table 1, although we could not deny the possibility that anesthesia affected these levels (Pettinger et al 1975;Siragy et al 1995). Furthermore, dehydration-induced (P)RR may promote the kidney dysfunction via Ang II, and the RAS-independent intracellular signalling pathways, including ERK 1/2 and transforming growth factor-β.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Water Deprivation Increases (Pro)renin Receptor Levels in the Kidney and Decreases Plasma Concentrations of Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor

Tamura¹,

Mori²,

Xu³

et al. 2016

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Water deprivation activates the renin-angiotensin system. We have hypothesized that the renal expression of (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), a specific receptor for renin and prorenin, could be changed under dehydration. Moreover, plasma levels of soluble (P)RR (s(P)RR) comprising of the extracellular domain of (P)RR may reflect the renal (P)RR expression. In the present study, we therefore aimed to clarify changes of plasma s(P)RR concentrations and kidney tissue (P)RR levels using rats with dehydration. Male WisterKyoto rats were divided into two groups; dehydrated (DH) rats deprived of water for 72 hours with free access to food, and control rats. Plasma s(P)RR concentrations measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were significantly lower in DH rats (6.94 ± 2.08 ng/mL, mean ± SD, n = 5) than in control (12.54 ± 2.00 ng/mL, n = 5) (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis confirmed lower expression levels of s(P)RR in plasma in DH rats than in control. By contrast, western blot analysis showed higher levels of fulllength (P)RR and lower levels of furin (an enzyme responsible for generation of s(P)RR from full-length (P)RR) in the kidney tissues obtained from DH rats compared to control. There was no significant difference in the renal (P)RR mRNA levels between DH rats and control. These findings suggest that water deprivation may elevate the renal full-length (P)RR levels via reducing the expression of furin. Increased full-length (P)RR may contribute to the up-regulation of the renal renin-angiotensin system and the production of concentrated urine under dehydration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Water Deprivation Increases (Pro)renin Receptor Levels in the Kidney and Decreases Plasma Concentrations of Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor

Tamura¹,

Mori²,

Xu³

et al. 2016

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…Other investigators have found that urethane increases plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations, and reduces pressor responses to angiotensin II (Pettinger et al, 1975;Sonkodi & Nafradi, 1979). These findings suggest that urethane is not the anaesthetic of choice in studies involving the renninangiotensin-aldosterone system.…”

Section: Chemical and Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 64%

Hazards of urethane (ethyl carbamate): a review of the literature

Field

Lang

1988

Lab Anim

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Urethane (ethyl carbamate) is used alone or in combination with other drugs to produce anaesthesia in laboratory animals. Although originally studied as a potential phytocide, urethane demonstrated antineoplastic properties when administered to rats with the Walker rat carcinoma 256. Subsequent trials in humans led to its use as a chemotherapeutic agent for various leukaemias. Mice develop pulmonary adenomas earlier in life and at a higher incidence following urethane administration. Urethane's carcinogenic influence is greater in neonatal mice; it also has a transplacental influence in mice. In rats, urethane increases the incidence of pulmonary adenomas, Zymbal Gland tumours, and a variety of other neoplasms. Urethane is absorbed sufficiently from the skin of laboratory animals to produce a transient narcosis. The carcinogenic effect appears to be due to an undefined oncogenic intermediate formed in the blood. Considering the properties urethane demonstrates in animals, the safety of its use by laboratory personnel is in question. However, if appropriate guidelines are followed, urethane should continue to be a useful anaesthetic agent for laboratory animals.

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“…In the most widely used "conscious" rat model, catheters were inserted under ether anesthesia, and after the animal was placed into a restraining cage, the experiments were performed in the ensuing 1 to 3 hours. 3 l6 Although these animals might have regained consciousness, it is logical to assume that they were still under some degree of stress, which may have disturbed at least some parameters in addition to the anesthesia and surgical stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Basal secretion rates and plasma levels of most hormones are drastically influenced by anesthesia and surgical trauma,'" 3 and even simple handling of animals may have profound effects. The effect of general anesthesia on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiovascular control mechanisms is well established, 6 and even kidney function, which was generally regarded to be immune to these interventions, has recently been found to be markedly depressed during and following general anesthesia and surgical stress.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic arterial and venous catheterization of conscious, unrestrained rats.

Fejes-Tóth¹,

Náray-Fejes-Tóth²,

Ratge³

et al. 1984

Hypertension

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GEZA FEJES-T6TH, ANIK6 NARAY-FEJES-T6TH, DIETER RATGE, AND JURGEN C. FROLICH SUMMARY A method is described for implanting arterial and venous cannulas in rats that requires only minor surgery. Catheters are introduced into the abdominal aorta through the ventral tail artery and into the vena cava through a lateral tail vein. The wounds are covered with an acrylic cuff and the catheters are brought out through a stainless steel spiral connected to the cuff and then attached to top of a metabolism cage used to house the rat. This method makes possible continuous access to the catheters in undisturbed, mobile animals. Using this model we compared mean arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, and plasma catecholamine levels in freely moving Long-Evans rats and in Brattleboro homozygous rats. (Hypertension 6: 926-930, 1984) KEY WORDS • chronic vascular catheters • blood pressure • Brattleboro rat • plasma renin activity • plasma catecholamines A LTHOUGH most of our present knowledge in animal physiology comes from experiments performed on anesthetized animals or from in vitro studies, the utility of these preparations is often curtailed when highly complex neural or hormonal regulatory mechanisms are investigated. Basal secretion rates and plasma levels of most hormones are drastically influenced by anesthesia and surgical trauma,'" 3 and even simple handling of animals may have profound effects. The effect of general anesthesia on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiovascular control mechanisms is well established, 6 and even kidney function, which was generally regarded to be immune to these interventions, has recently been found to be markedly depressed during and following general anesthesia and surgical stress.7 " 9 Although methods have been developed to study larger laboratory animals under relatively unstressed conditions, such methods have not been generally adopted for the rat.We describe a simple, chronic rat preparation that makes possible intravenous infusions, continuous monitoring of MAP and heart rate (HR), and repeated blood sampling in freely moving animals. Since vasopressin has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure, 10 we have also compared the resting MAP of the Brattleboro rat suffering from hereditary diabetes insipidus" with the blood pressure of the normal Long-Evans rat from which the Brattleboro rat has been derived. Materials and Methods A slightly conic protecting cuff with a bulging middle portion was made from a rod of plexiglass on a lathe (Figure 1). A hole was bored into the middle portion of the cuff, and perpendicular to it a longitudinal slit was made. A 3 mm diameter stainless steel spiral, which had been previously stretched to 105% of its original length to render it more flexible, was glued into the cuff with epoxy. The first few centimeters of the spiral were fortified by surrounding it with a 4 mm diameter spiral. Two 55 cm long PE-10 tubings (ClayAdams, Parsippany, New Jersey) were fed through the spiral, the proximal ends of th...

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Renin Release, an Artifact of Anesthesia and its Implications in Rats

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

Water Deprivation Increases (Pro)renin Receptor Levels in the Kidney and Decreases Plasma Concentrations of Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor

Water Deprivation Increases (Pro)renin Receptor Levels in the Kidney and Decreases Plasma Concentrations of Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor

Hazards of urethane (ethyl carbamate): a review of the literature

Chronic arterial and venous catheterization of conscious, unrestrained rats.

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