Hazards of urethane (ethyl carbamate): a review of the literature

Field, Karl J.; Lang, C. Max

doi:10.1258/002367788780746331

Cited by 93 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Intraperitoneal administration of urethane (1.2 g/kg) was shown to cause hyperglycemia associated with hypothalamic activation (Reinert, 1964;Maggi and Meli, 1986). Urethane is also known as potential mutagen and carcinogen (Field and Lang, 1988). Medetomidine and xylazine are specific a2-adrenoreceptor agonists that block norepinephrine release.…”

Section: General Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthesia and the Quantitative Evaluation of Neurovascular Coupling

Masamoto

Kanno²

2012

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

242

191

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Anesthesia has broad actions that include changing neuronal excitability, vascular reactivity, and other baseline physiologies and eventually modifies the neurovascular coupling relationship. Here, we review the effects of anesthesia on the spatial propagation, temporal dynamics, and quantitative relationship between the neural and vascular responses to cortical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that the onset latency of evoked cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes is relatively consistent across anesthesia conditions compared with variations in the time-to-peak. This finding indicates that the mechanism of vasodilation onset is less dependent on anesthesia interference, while vasodilation dynamics are subject to this interference. The quantitative coupling relationship is largely influenced by the type and dosage of anesthesia, including the actions on neural processing, vasoactive signal transmission, and vascular reactivity. The effects of anesthesia on the spatial gap between the neural and vascular response regions are not fully understood and require further attention to elucidate the mechanism of vascular control of CBF supply to the underlying focal and surrounding neural activity. The in-depth understanding of the anesthesia actions on neurovascular elements allows for better decision-making regarding the anesthetics used in specific models for neurovascular experiments and may also help elucidate the signal source issues in hemodynamic-based neuroimaging techniques.

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Section: General Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthesia and the Quantitative Evaluation of Neurovascular Coupling

Masamoto

Kanno²

2012

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

242

191

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“…Male Wistar rats (n=11, body mass=311.2 g SD 20.2, %9 weeks old) were anaesthetized using intraperitoneally injected urethane (1.2 ml/100 g body mass 12.5% urethane solution, extra doses were given if necessary: maximally 1.5 ml), which is known to provide long periods of anaesthesia with minimal physiological changes (Field and Lang, 1988). To prevent hypothermia during surgery and data collection, the animals were placed on a heated water pad of approximately 37°C.…”

Section: Surgical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled intermittent shortening contractions of a muscle–tendon complex: muscle fibre damage and effects on force transmission from a single head of rat EDL

Maas

Lehti

Tiihonen

et al. 2005

J Muscle Res Cell Motil

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This study was performed to examine effects of prolonged (3 h) intermittent shortening (amplitude 2 mm) contractions (muscles were excited maximally) of head III of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL III) on indices of muscle damage and on force transmission within the intact anterior crural compartment. Three hours after the EDL III exercise, muscle fibre damage, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining of structural proteins (i.e. dystrophin, desmin, titin, laminin-2), was found in EDL, tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscles. The damaged muscle fibres were not uniformly distributed throughout the muscle cross-sections, but were located predominantly near the interface of TA and EDL muscles as well as near intra-and extramuscular neurovascular tracts. In addition, changes were observed in desmin, muscle ankyrin repeat protein 1, and muscle LIM protein gene expression: significantly (P<0.01) higher (1.3, 45.5 and 2.3-fold, respectively) transcript levels compared to the contralateral muscles. Post-EDL III exercise, length-distal force characteristics of EDL III were altered significantly (P<0.05): at high EDL III lengths, active forces decreased and the length range between active slack length and optimum length increased. For all EDL III lengths tested, proximal passive and active force of EDL decreased. The slope of the EDL III length-TA+EHL force curve decreased, which indicates a decrease of the degree of intermuscular interaction between EDL III and TA+EHL. It is concluded that prolonged intermittent shortening contractions of a single head of multi-tendoned EDL muscle results in structural damage to muscle fibres as well as altered force transmission within the compartment. A possible role of myofascial force transmission is discussed.

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“…Precautions appropriate for minimizing exposure to carcinogens were used when handling urethane (Field & Lang, 1988).…”

Section: Test Substance and Control Preparation Drug Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaesthetic effects of chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane in adult male rats

1993

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SummaryChloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane were evaluated and compared for onset, duration and depth of anaesthesia, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, nociception and mortality in adult male rats. Chloral hydrate (300 and 400 mg/kg) severely depressed the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Duration of anaesthesia was linearly related to dose, and anaesthetic depth and analgesia were excellent. Pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) produced a short period of light surgical anaesthesia. Moderate to severe respiratory and cardiovascular depression occurred. Duration of anaesthesia was not related to dose. Urethane (1' 2 and 1· 5 g/kg) caused moderate cardiovascular depression. In addition, mortality was high at the 1·5 g/kg dose. Duration of anaesthesia was greater than 24 h for most animals. Anaesthesia depth and analgesia were excellent. Keywords: Anaesthesia; Nociception; Chloral hydrate; Pentobarbitone; UrethaneRecent studies have shown that the depth of anaesthesia, analgesia, and the physiological properties of injectable agents used in rats are often not characterized adequately (Wixson et aI.,

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Hazards of urethane (ethyl carbamate): a review of the literature

Cited by 93 publications

References 26 publications

Anesthesia and the Quantitative Evaluation of Neurovascular Coupling

Anesthesia and the Quantitative Evaluation of Neurovascular Coupling

Controlled intermittent shortening contractions of a muscle–tendon complex: muscle fibre damage and effects on force transmission from a single head of rat EDL

Anaesthetic effects of chloral hydrate, pentobarbitone and urethane in adult male rats

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