Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Forgotten Stress Hormone System: Relationship to Depression and Sleep

Murck, Harald; Schüssler, P.; Steiger, Axel

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291346

Cited by 60 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…These AT1 receptors most likely bind brainderived Ang-II and influence the function of neurons mediating hydromineral balance and cardiovascular function, as well as affect and mood [24]. Several studies have also demonstrated that aldosterone concentrations are higher in depressed subjects than in healthy controls, eliciting more prominently the aforementioned responses [25,26].…”

Section: Body Composition Disorders and Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic stress and body composition disorders: implications for health and disease

Stefanaki

Pervanidou

Boschiero³

et al. 2018

Hormones

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Recent studies have suggested that body composition is key to health and disease. First, fat tissue is a complex, essential, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ that responds to afferent signals from traditional hormone systems and the central nervous system but also expresses and secretes factors with important endocrine, metabolic, and immune functions. Second, skeletal muscle mass is an important predictor of health in adult life, while severe mass loss has been associated with the frailty of old age. Studies have shown that skeletal muscle is also an important endocrine organ that secretes factors with autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions, which have been associated with inflammatory processes. Third, the bone is also a systemic endocrine regulator playing a pivotal role in health and disease. Finally, proper hydration in humans has been neglected as a health factor, especially in adults. Chronic stress and stress hormone hypersecretion alone or associated with distinct disorders, such as anxiety, depression, obesity, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), have been associated with psychological and somatic manifestations, typically, increased fat mass, osteosarcopenia/frailty, cellular dehydration, and chronic systemic inflammation. This review aims to provide new insights into the newly developed concept of stress-related osteosarcopenic obesity and its prevention.

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Section: Body Composition Disorders and Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic stress and body composition disorders: implications for health and disease

Stefanaki

Pervanidou

Boschiero³

et al. 2018

Hormones

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show abstract

“…Spironolactone, an inhibitor of the classic MR (we will cover non-classic membrane MR later), appears to cross the BBB reasonably well and therefore appears to inhibit central MR activity [9]. In addition to blocking the effect of aldosterone in the areas discussed above, spironolactone also inhibits the depression-inducing effect of the glucocorticoid corticosterone on rat behavior as well as the corticosterone-induced downregulation of MR expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus [38].…”

Section: Mr Activation and Its Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heterogeneity of depression, both in symptomatology and physiological signs, has been attributed in part to differences in MR sensitivity [9]: MR activation is involved in reducing HPA axis activity as well as in supporting slow-wave sleep (SWS). Therefore, a characterization of patients on the basis of these parameters may be related to differential MR activity [9].…”

Section: Mr Activation and Its Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a characterization of patients on the basis of these parameters may be related to differential MR activity [9]. The use of challenge tests for the MR may therefore provide insights in different patient populations.…”

Section: Mr Activation and Its Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that certain patients with depression show either elevated cortisol or aldosterone plasma concentrations demonstrates that regulatory mechanisms of these systems may be dysfunctional. It is of importance to note that despite the fact of close interactions in the regulation of these hormones, it appears that they are differentially regulated in different contexts and may differentiate subgroups of patients with depression [9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic, Molecular and Clinical Determinants for the Involvement of Aldosterone and Its Receptors in Major Depression

et al. 2014

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Major depression (MDE) has metabolic and neuroendocrine correlates, which point to a biological overlap between MDE and cardiovascular diseases. Whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis has long been recognized for its involvement in depression, the focus was mostly on cortisol/corticosterone, whereas aldosterone appears to be the ‘forgotten' stress hormone. Part of the reason for this is that the receptors for aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), were thought to be occupied by glucocorticoids in most parts of the brain. However, recently it turned out that aldosterone acts selectively in relevant mood-regulating brain areas, without competing with cortisol/corticosterone. These areas include the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These regions are intimately involved in the close relationship between emotional and vegetative symptoms. Genetic analysis supports the role of aldosterone and of MR-related pathways in the pathophysiology of depression. Functional markers for these pathways in animal models as well as in humans are available and allow an indirect assessment of NTS function. They include heart rate variability, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity, blood pressure, salt taste sensitivity and slow-wave sleep. MR activation in the periphery is related to electrolyte regulation. MR overactivity is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus and a trigger of inflammatory processes. These markers can be used not only to assist the development of new treatment compounds, but also for a personalized approach to treat patients with depression and related disorders by individual dose titration with an active medication, which targets this system.

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The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review

Rogers

Banks

Jenkins

2023

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Sleep deficiency is a ubiquitous phenomenon among Americans. In fact, in the United States, ∼78% of teens and 35% of adults currently get less sleep than recommended for their age‐group, and the quality of sleep appears to be getting worse for many. The consequences of sleep disruption manifest in a myriad of ways, including insulin resistance and disrupted nutrient metabolism, dysregulation of hunger and satiety, and potentially increased body weight and adiposity. Consequently, inadequate sleep is related to an increased risk of various cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Exercise has the potential to be an effective therapeutic to counteract the deleterious effects of sleep disruption listed above, whereas chronic psychosocial stress may causally promote sleep disruption and cardiometabolic risk. Here, we provide a narrative review of the current evidence on the consequences of short sleep duration and poor sleep quality on substrate metabolism, circulating appetite hormones, hunger and satiety, and weight gain. Secondly, we provide a brief overview of chronic psychosocial stress and its impact on sleep and metabolic health. Finally, we summarise the current evidence regarding the ability of exercise to counteract the adverse metabolic health effects of sleep disruption. Throughout the review, we highlight areas where additional interrogation and future exploration are necessary.

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Forgotten Stress Hormone System: Relationship to Depression and Sleep

Abstract: In particular aspects of differentiation between melancholic vs. atypical depression spectrum disorders are discussed.

Cited by 60 publications

References 118 publications

Chronic stress and body composition disorders: implications for health and disease

Chronic stress and body composition disorders: implications for health and disease

Genetic, Molecular and Clinical Determinants for the Involvement of Aldosterone and Its Receptors in Major Depression

The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review

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