The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review

Abstract

Sleep deficiency is a ubiquitous phenomenon among Americans. In fact, in the United States, ∼78% of teens and 35% of adults currently get less sleep than recommended for their age‐group, and the quality of sleep appears to be getting worse for many. The consequences of sleep disruption manifest in a myriad of ways, including insulin resistance and disrupted nutrient metabolism, dysregulation of hunger and satiety, and potentially increased body weight and adiposity. Consequently, inadequate sleep is related to an increased risk of various cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Exercise has the potential to be an effective therapeutic to counteract the deleterious effects of sleep disruption listed above, whereas chronic psychosocial stress may causally promote sleep disruption and cardiometabolic risk. Here, we provide a narrative review of the current evidence on the consequences of short sleep duration and poor sleep quality on substrate metabolism, circulating appetite hormones, hunger and satiety, and weight gain. Secondly, we provide a brief overview of chronic psychosocial stress and its impact on sleep and metabolic health. Finally, we summarise the current evidence regarding the ability of exercise to counteract the adverse metabolic health effects of sleep disruption. Throughout the review, we highlight areas where additional interrogation and future exploration are necessary.

Chrononutrition in cardiometabolic diseases: Current evidence and future perspectives

“…9 This is followed by a comprehensive mechanistic review article that describes the role of behaviours that can worsen cardiometabolic health, such as sleep disruption, by influencing substrate metabolism, hunger, and satiety. 10 This article also describes the role of psychosocial stress and exercise and how behavioural interventions can be implemented to improve such factors. 10 Notably, the special issue also provides a balanced discussion on a topic that has often resulted in significant controversies in the field of nutrition, specifically the role of breakfast consumption and functional foods on cardiometabolic health.…”

“…10 This article also describes the role of psychosocial stress and exercise and how behavioural interventions can be implemented to improve such factors. 10 Notably, the special issue also provides a balanced discussion on a topic that has often resulted in significant controversies in the field of nutrition, specifically the role of breakfast consumption and functional foods on cardiometabolic health. 11 Finally, we have decided to include additional articles that do not necessarily relate to the topic of chrononutrition, but that we believe would still provide extremely important information in their related fields of dietetics, nutrition, and cardiometabolic diseases.…”

Exercise to Prevent Accelerated Vascular Aging in People Living With HIV

“…minoritized groups may in part be related to SDoH that contribute to heightened psychosocial stress and reduced positive psychological coping 33 via a lack of access to social support, health care, education, or resources, reduced residential stability, increased exposure to interpersonal stress, abuse or neglect, community-level adversity, harassment, discrimination, and environmental hazards. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Multilevel intersectional stigma [40][41][42] also likely contributes strongly to cardiovascular health disparities among PLWH. 43,44 Stigma-linked systematic marginalization of socially stigmatized groups (eg, sexual and gender minority persons, people minoritized due to race/ethnicity) affects outcomes in other SDoH domains, such as health insurance, housing, and social support.…”

Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Diet, Sleep and Exercise

“…A potent and increasingly recognized factor controlling appetite and food choice is sleep. Reduced sleep duration increases hunger, appetite, and food intake [18]. Gangitano et al (contribution 6) summarize the current evidence on and mechanisms of this interaction, combining findings from animal models and human studies.…”