Renal Dysfunction among Ghanaians Living with Clinically Diagnosed Hypertension in the Asutifi-South District: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study at the St. Elizabeth Hospital, Hwidiem

Abstract

Background This study aimed at evaluating the burden of renal dysfunction among people living with hypertension in the Asutifi-South District of the Brong Ahafo Region, who were attending clinic at the St. Elizabeth Hospital in Hwidiem. Methodology A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among two hundred (200) hypertensive clients aged between 27 and 88 years who reported for clinical management from January to March, 2018. Data on sociodemography, comorbid disease status, antihypertensive medication, and their duration was obtained using a semistructured questionnaire and patient folders. Blood pressure, weight, and creatinine were measured using standard methods. Kidney function was assessed using Cockcroft Gault (CG), Four-Variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (4v-MDRD) and the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. The 2012 Kidney Disease Improvement Global Outcome (KDIGO) Criteria were used to categorize renal function among study participants. Results Renal impairment was observed among 25.00%, 9.50%, and 10.50% of study participants using CG, 4v-MDRD, and CKD-EPI equations, respectively. With the exception of CKD-EPI equation, females significantly recorded higher scores compared to their male counterparts (28.95% vs 12.5%, 11.84%, vs 2.08%) using CG and 4v-MDRD, respectively. Participants aged 50 years or more recorded the highest renal impairment. Conclusion Renal dysfunction is common among people living with hypertension in the Asutifi-South District of the Brong Ahafo Region. Femininity, older age, disease comorbidity with diabetes, Thiazide diuretic and AR Blocker usage, and increasing duration of medication accounted for higher kidney dysfunction. Regular screening and management are therefore recommended to avert progression to end-stage renal failure (ESRD).

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in an Elderly Population from Eastern China

“…This finding was similar to the results from several other cross-sectional studies [17,42,43]. Several possible explanations of this phenomenon are as follows: (a) Obesity and central obesity may play an indirect role in mediating the pathophysiological development [43]. The prevalence of obesity and central obesity were significantly higher in female (32.3% and 74%, respectively) compared with the male (16.9% and 33.1%, respectively) in this study, which was consistent with the finding of Yu’s [44]; (b) the differences in physiological structure (e.g., glomerular structure and muscle mass) and hormone metabolism between men and women may partly explain this phenomenon [42]; (c) data from the Chinese National Renal Data System (CNRDS) showed that there were more male end-stage renal disease patients with hemodialysis (ESRD-HD) patients than female patients (1.5:1, respectively), and the incidence of ESRD-HD patients obtaining HD was higher in males than in the female population [45].…”

“…The prevalence of CKD and reduced renal function were much higher in the females compared with the males. This finding was similar to the results from several other cross-sectional studies [17,42,43]. Several possible explanations of this phenomenon are as follows: (a) Obesity and central obesity may play an indirect role in mediating the pathophysiological development [43].…”

Early detection of kidney disease in Ghana - A situational survey of secondary hospitals in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

“…This confirms chronic kidney disease as a 'neglected' non-communicable disease in Ghana as shown in a previous review [34]. The frequent screening of patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension ensures early detection of kidney disease to prevent progression to end stage kidney disease [35]. We also found that urine dipsticks were not available on the medical wards and the emergency units in most hospitals for use and hence urine tests could not easily be done.…”

Non-traditional Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease and Coenzyme Q10 Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients

“…The prevalence and incidence of ESRD in the Middle East countries range from 818 per million population (pmp) in Lebanon to 55 pmp in Iraq, and 49.9 pmp in Iran to 276 pmp in Turkey (1). Its treatment costs, morbidity, and mortality are high (1)(2)(3). Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death in these patients.…”