Renal cortical necrosis following Bothrops jararaca and B. jararacussu snake bite

Histologic and functional renal alterations caused by Bothrops moojeni snake venom in rats.

“…6,15,18 In contrast, ATN has been described in humans following snakebite by various species, 4,10,12,[19][20][21][22][23] including Bothrops spp. 3,4,9,11,24 In this study, a dose of 0.4 mg of B. moojeni venom/kg produced ATN and functional abnormalities that peaked 5 hr and 16 hr after envenomation.…”

“…The most serious systemic change and primary cause of death is acute renal failure (ARF) secondary to acute tubular necrosis and, occasionally, glomerulonephritis. 3,4,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14] Thus, elucidation of the mechanisms involved in this nephrotoxicity is important. Experimental models used to investigate the pathogenesis of renal lesions caused by bothropic venoms have shown hemodynamic changes and hemolysis prior to renal ischemia.…”

“…2 Bothrops moojeni is the most common cause of snakebite in central Brazil (Cardoso JLC, unpublished data). In common with other Bothrops venoms, [3][4][5][6][7] B. moojeni venom contains blood-clotting, hemorrhagic, phospholipase A 2 , and proteolytic activities. 8 Envenomation by Bothrops species leads to local and systemic effects that develop simultaneously.…”

A Protein Toxin from the Sea Anemone Phyllodiscus semoni Targets the Kidney and Causes a Severe Renal Injury with Predominant Glomerular Endothelial Damage

“…Several venoms and venomderived toxins from snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals have been described that target the kidney in man and rodents. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The reasons why venoms target the kidney are uncertain, although glomerular filtration might concentrate the venom at this site, whereas tissue-specific binding sites would retain toxin. In some cases, venom toxins have been directly localized in the damaged kidney.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In some instances these effects are associated with complement (C)-activating components in the venoms that indirectly contribute to tissue damage. 14 -17 A well-known example is the C3-like protein cobra venom factor, purified from the venom of the Egyptian or Thai cobra, which activates C to completion in experimental animals.…”