Removal rates of dissolved munitions compounds in seawater

Smith, Richard; Vlahos, Penny; Tobias, Craig R.; Ballentine, Mark; Ariyarathna, Thivanka; Cooper, Christopher A.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.049

Cited by 19 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…. RDX does not seem to form a large fraction of derivatives compared to the concentration of parent MC, as TNT does in systems with sediments (Ballentine et al 2016;Smith et al 2013). With low concentrations of RDX primary derivatives in sediments, other transformation products form.…”

Section: Fate Of Tnt and Rdx In Marine Environments Determined Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High rates of organic matter deposition that could possibly increase the mineralization of MC into nitrogen containing compounds typically characterize coastal marine systems. The presence of sediments with high organic content has been shown to increase the removal of MCs in some environments Smith et al 2013); however, in more complex saltwater environments, MCs nor their breakdown products seem to be sequestered in large amounts in the sediments. Finally, marine systems are often characterized as N-limited environments that facilitate denitrification reactions.…”

Section: Fate Of Tnt and Rdx In Marine Environments Determined Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grain size, clay content and type, quantity of organic carbon in the sediments, and water salinity are the primary geochemical properties that control the equilibrium partition constants, such as the apparent sediment water distribution coefficient (Kd), of MC, such as TNT and RDX ). Smaller grain size, greater clay content, and greater total organic carbon (TOC) often leads to quicker reduction in concentration of the parent MC in the overlying water column (Harrison and Vane, 2010;Smith et al, 2013). The expected slow release rate (Wang et al 2011) coupled with the rapid removal of MC in sediments near UWMM could facilitate the low concentrations measured in water surrounding UWMM (Chapter 5).…”

Section: Fate Of Tnt and Rdx In Marine Environments Determined Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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Underwater military munitions (UWMM) may pose a risk to aquatic environments because they typically contain munitions constituents (MC) such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). If UWMM become corroded or breaches, the fill material may leak or dissolve into the surrounding environment, which could potentially adversely affecting affect the exposed biota. In large part, because of the high cost and complexity associated with sampling MC at UWMM sites, detailed and reliable information about MC in water, sediment, and biota is available for only a few sites, and therefore temporal and spatial uncertainties persist. Examination of available data indicates that concentrations of MC in water and sediment were largely below detection or were relatively low (e.g., parts per billion), with higher concentrations being highly localized and typically near a point source. These findings were in accordance with predictive modeling and with fate studies. Available toxicity data derived for a variety of freshwater and marine species were compiled and used to derive interim water quality criteria and protective values derived from species sensitivity distributions. Toxicity varied widely across a diversity of MC and species. For most aquatic sites, MC contamination in sediment and in the watercolumn presents low risk to the resident biota.

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Section: Fate Of Tnt and Rdx In Marine Environments Determined Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fate Of Tnt and Rdx In Marine Environments Determined Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fate Of Tnt and Rdx In Marine Environments Determined Using mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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“…The sediments used had a density of 2.02 g mL À1 , porosity of 40%, total organic carbon and total nitrogen of 1.233 mg g sed À1 and 0.176 mg g sed À1 respectively. The experimental aquaria design was similar to aquaria setup from Smith et al (2013). Sediments were collected from a nearby subtidal habitat in Long Island Sound (LIS) and added to the aquaria to an average depth of 10 cm.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global use of RDX has resulted in its introduction into the environment through detonation, production, storage, disposal, and leakage of underwater military munitions (Harrison and Vane, 2010;Hovatter et al, 1997;Jenkins et al, 2006;Talmage et al, 1999). RDX is a contaminant in terrestrial (Pennington and Brannon, 2002) and marine (Darrach et al, 1998) ecosystems and has been shown to be persistent (Smith et al, 2013). Toxicological studies have been reported for terrestrial (Simini et al, 2003), freshwater (Bentley et al, 1977;Mukhi et al, 2005;Mukhi and Patiño, 2008;Steevens et al, 2002), and marine systems (Lotufo et al, 2001Nipper et al, 2001;Rosen and Lotufo, 2007a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Uptake and fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in coastal marine biota determined using a stable isotopic tracer, 15N – [RDX]

et al. 2016

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Biodegradation and mineralization of isotopically labeled TNT and RDX in anaerobic marine sediments

Ariyarathna

Vlahos

Smith

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The lack of knowledge on the fate of explosive compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), particularly in marine ecosystems, constrains the application of bioremediation techniques in explosive-contaminated coastal sites. The authors present a comparative study on anaerobic biodegradation and mineralization of N-nitro group isotopically labeled TNT and RDX in organic carbon-rich, fine-grained marine sediment with native microbial assemblages. Separate sediment slurry experiments were carried out for TNT and RDX at 23°C for 16 d. Dissolved and sediment-sorbed fractions of parent and transformation products, isotopic compositions of sediment, and mineralization products of the dissolved inorganic N pool ( NH , NO , NO , and N ) were measured. The rate of TNT removal from the aqueous phase was faster (0.75 h ) than that of RDX (0.37 h ), and N accumulation in sediment was higher in the TNT (13%) than the RDX (2%) microcosms. Mono-amino-dinitrotoluenes were identified as intermediate biodegradation products of TNT. Two percent of the total spiked TNT-N is mineralized to dissolved inorganic N through 2 different pathways: denitration as well as deamination and formation of NH , facilitated by iron and sulfate reducing bacteria in the sediments. The majority of the spiked TNT-N (85%) is in unidentified pools by day 16. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (10%) biodegrades to nitroso derivatives, whereas 13% of RDX-N in nitro groups is mineralized to dissolved inorganic N anaerobically by the end of the experiment. The primary identified mineralization end product of RDX (40%) is NH , generated through either deamination or mono-denitration, followed by ring breakdown. A reasonable production of N gas (13%) was seen in the RDX system but not in the TNT system. Sixty-eight percent of the total spiked RDX-N is in an unidentified pool by day 16 and may include unquantified mineralization products dissolved in water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1170-1180. © 2016 SETAC.

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Removal rates of dissolved munitions compounds in seawater

Cited by 19 publications

References 51 publications

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Uptake and fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in coastal marine biota determined using a stable isotopic tracer, 15N – [RDX]

Biodegradation and mineralization of isotopically labeled TNT and RDX in anaerobic marine sediments

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