Removal of single and dual ring thiophene’s from dodecane using cavitation based processes

Oxidation of Sulphur pollutants in model and real fuels using hydrodynamic cavitation

“…The organic phase volume was increased up to 80 v/v %. These experiments with continuous organic phase were also a better representation of additive containing ODS systems, which typically had organic volume fractions exceeding 90 v/v % [16] . Organic solvents are less ideal than water for cavitation-based processes, typically exhibiting higher vapour pressures and lower surface tension than water, leading to lower collapse temperatures and forming less radicals.…”

“…The temperature was maintained at T = 20 ± 2 °C in all set-ups, except for experiments investigating the impact of non-isothermal operation, where the temperature was varied between 20 and 45 °C. Pressure drop was maintained at ΔP = 200 kPa based on the results of our previous study [16] . This ensured that there was not excessive turbulence in the holding tank and the majority of flow passed through the cavitating line rather than the bypass line (for Configurations 1 and 3).…”

“…The pump was then primed with the required medium and circulated for an appropriate amount of time, an initial sample (t = 0 min) was then collected, and subsequently oxidant/catalysts were added into the tank near the inlet suction. For additive based experiments the volumetric ratio of H 2 O 2 and HCOOH were determined based on a parametric study from our previous work using AC [16] . These were set at 0.95 v/v % H 2 O 2 and 6.25 v/v % HCOOH, and were added in HC experiments by various dosing techniques (initial dosing versus staggered dosing).…”

“…In addition to HC experiments, to compare with previous studies, AC experiments with diesel, kerosene, and petrol were completed using a Sonics Vibra-Cell 500 W VCX 500 with horn tip (diameter = 13 mm) submerged 1 cm into the medium. Ultrasonic parameters were determined within our previous work and set at: frequency = 20 kHz, duty cycle = 50% (3 s ON / 3 s OFF) and acoustic amplitude = 80% [16] . The reactor vessel was a 50 mL jacketed beaker connected to mains water which circulated through the beaker jacket and maintained temperature at T = 20 ± 2 °C.…”

“…The additive-based study was conducted using optimised volumetric fractions of hydrogen peroxide oxidant and carboxylic acid catalyst, identified as 0.95 v/v % H 2 O 2 and 6.25 v/v % HCOOH using our previous AC investigation [16] . HC experiments were completed with model fuels (acetonitrile, dodecane and hexane) to consolidate the design of experimental configurations at various process capacities and scales of vortex diode as cavitating device.…”