Removal of naproxen and diclofenac using magnetic nanoparticles/nanocomposites

Abstract

Magnetic iron oxide and iron/copper nanoparticles were synthesized using Lathyrus brachypterus extract, and then magnetic Fe 3 O 4 –CS, Fe 3 O 4 –AT, Fe/Cu–CS and Fe/Cu–AT nanocomposite beads were synthesized using chitosan and alginate natural polymers. They were used for both adsorption and heterogeneous catalysts for the catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DCF) and NPX + DCF drugs which are important micro-organic pollutants, separately and together (NPX + DCF) from aqueous media. In adsorption studies, the drugs were adsorbed very quickly in the first minutes and then, desorbed in between 8 and 10 min. In competitive adsorption, the adsorbents showed selective properties for DCF and NPX. In CWPO technique, drug removal was achieved in 9 min with a conversion capacity of 92% for DCF with Fe/Cu–CS and 84% for NPX with Fe/Cu–AT optimum experimental conditions, such as pH 5, 30% of H 2 O 2 , 100 mg catalyst and 298 K. Based on reusability of the catalysts, it was seen that there was a slight decrease in the removal efficiencies in the third cycle and the stable and active structure of the catalyst was preserved to the desired extent. Furthermore, the oxidation reaction was in good agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Graphical abstract

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Magnetic Nanocomposites for Adsorption, Desorption and Preconcentration of Pb(II)

“…Then, they were mixed at room temperature for 30 min at 500 rpm on a magnetic stirrer and left to settle. The resulting Fe 3 O 4 and Fe/Cu nanoparticles were separated from the filtrate with a magnet and washed 3 times with distilled water and dried in an oven [37,38] …”

“…At the end of the period, half of them were kept in distilled water at 4 °C, and the other half was dried in an oven at 50 °C to compare their adsorption and oxidation effects separately. The same process was performed by replacing Fe 3 O 4 NPs with Fe/CuNPs for the synthesis of Fe/Cu−CS [37,38] …”

“…The resulting Fe 3 O 4 and Fe/Cu nanoparticles were separated from the filtrate with a magnet and washed 3 times with distilled water and dried in an oven. [37,38] Synthesis of Fe3O4-CS and Fe/CuÀ CS 0.50 g of chitosan was mixed with 50 mL of 1 % acetic acid until a homogeneous mixture was obtained. Then, 0.40 g of the synthesized magnetic Fe 3 O 4 NPs was added to this mixture and dropped into 100 mL of 1 M NaOH solution with a dropper to form Fe 3 O 4 À CS beads.…”

“…The same process was performed by replacing Fe 3 O 4 NPs with Fe/CuNPs for the synthesis of Fe/CuÀ CS. [37,38] Synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 À AT and Fe/CuÀ AT 0.60 g of sodium alginate was mixed with 50 mL of distilled water until a homogeneous solution was formed. 0.50 g Fe 3 O 4 NPs was added to the prepared mixture and sonicated for 30 minutes.…”

“…The same process was performed by replacing Fe 3 O 4 NPs with Fe/CuNPs for the synthesis of Fe/CuÀ AT. [37,38]…”