Removal of lead (II) from aqueous environment by a fibrous ion exchanger: Polycinnamamide thorium (IV) phosphate

Arsenate removal from aqueous solution by cellulose-carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocomposites

“…The value of E is very useful in predicting the type of adsorption. If the value of E is <8 kJ mol −1 , then the adsorption is physical in nature and if it is in between 8 and 16 kJ mol −1 , then the adsorption is due to exchange of ions [46,47]. The values found in the present study were in between 8 and 16 kJ mol −1 .…”

“…Pseudo-first-order equation was employed to analyze the kinetic data since it allows evaluating effective adsorption capacity and the rate constant of the kinetic model without any parameters beforehand [43][44][45][46][47]. The pseudofirst-order Lagergren equation is shown as Eq.…”

Removal of lead from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation

“…Many methods such as chemical precipitation [2], electrochemical reduction [3], ion exchange [4], reverse osmosis, and membrane separation [5] have been developed to remove lead from wastewater. However, these technologies are either expensive for the treatment and disposal of the secondary toxic metal sludge or ineffective when lead is present in the wastewater at low concentrations [6].…”

Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using hybrid organic–inorganic composite material: Zr(IV) iodosulphosalicylate

“…The removal of heavy metal in an effective manner from water and wastewater is, thus, ecologically very important. There are many reported and established technologies for the recovery of metals from wastewater, which include chemical precipitation [9], flotation [10], biosorption [11][12][13], electrolytic recovery, membrane separation [14], removal by adsorption on minerals [15,16] activated carbon adsorption [17,18] ion exchange [19][20][21], solvent extraction [22,23], evaporation [24,25], electrodialysis [26][27][28] and reverse osmosis [29]. Amongst these methods evaporation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis exhibits no selectivity whereas precipitation, solvent extraction and ion exchange are selective for specific ions of interest.…”