Remodelling of biological parameters during human ageing: evidence for complex regulation in longevity and in type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Factor structure analyses have revealed the presence of specific biological system markers in healthy humans and diseases. However, this type of approach in very old persons and in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is lacking. A total sample of 2,137 Italians consisted of two groups: 1,604 healthy and 533 with T2DM. Age (years) was categorized as adults (≤65), old (66-85), oldest old (>85-98) and centenarians (≥99). Specific biomarkers of routine haematological and biochemical testing were tested across each age group. Exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) by principal component method with Varimax rotation was used to identify factors including related variables. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to confirm factor solutions for each age group. EFA and SEM identified specific factor structures according to age in both groups. An age-associated reduction of factor structure was observed from adults to oldest old in the healthy group (explained variance 60.4% vs 50.3%) and from adults to old in the T2DM group AGE

B Cell–Specific Biomarkers for Optimal Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination and Molecular Pathways That Reduce B Cell Function with Aging

“…glucose) converge to regulate functional responses in these cells, 85 similar to terminally differentiated T 105,106 and NK 107 cells. Changes in glucose levels in the extracellular milieu occur with age 108 and may be responsible for decreased function because B cells use glucose for proliferation and differentiation. 109 This has also been shown for T cells 110–112 and macrophages.…”

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“…Data obtained from models such as Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse have shown that specific miRs exhibit age-dependent expression patterns (Noren Hooten et al, 2010;Ibanez-Ventoso et al, 2006;Li et al, 2011a;Maes et al, 2008). It is important to recall that exceptional survival requires the dynamic maintenance of physiological variables at optimal levels and that the levels of many aging biomarkers have been shown to change throughout one's life (Yashin et al, 2009;Franceschi et al, 2007;Spazzafumo et al, 2011). Interestingly, recent data have demonstrated that the expression of miRs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells changes with aging, suggesting that miRs and their predicted targets may be potential diagnostic indicators of aging and/or agerelated diseases (Noren Hooten et al, 2010;Li et al, 2011b).…”

Diabetes type 2 diabetes in the elderly – solved and unsolved questions

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