Reminiscence, substance learning and initial difficulty—a methodological study.

English, Horace B.; Edwards, Allen L.

doi:10.1037/h0060776

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Because of the ambiguities involved in the evaluation of apparent reminiscence where review is possible, and because of the lack of convincing proof that casual review does not enhance retention, it seems necessary that this factor be eliminated before a valid finding of reminiscence can be claimed. The definition of the phenomenon given above reflects this conclusion, and many studies, on this basis, are open to criticism (1,14,18,19,20,22,23,25,29,45,53,56,58).…”

Section: G Mcgeochmentioning

confidence: 80%

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The status of research in reminiscence.

Buxton¹

1943

Psychological Bulletin

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Section: G Mcgeochmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…6 In fact, there was a definite loss by 20 min., and no reason to believe that with a longer interval retention would have improved again. This finding throws considerable suspicion on the many experiments where these controls were not applied (14,IS,22,23,24,45,51,53,56).…”

Section: G Mcgeochmentioning

confidence: 99%

The status of research in reminiscence.

Buxton¹

1943

Psychological Bulletin

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“…Not unnaturally, we turned first to a 'statistical equation' for difficulty; and we found that even when allowance is made for the difference in difficulty, the association does not disappear. 5 Later, aware of the hazards of unnoted assumptions in any purely statistical equation, we sought to control the variable experimentally by constructing our tests in such manner that initial difficulty was the same; and still the association remained (see 3). In all future work with reminiscence, it would now appear certain, due and careful account must be taken of the influence of difficulty upon the opportunity for reminiscence to occur.…”

Section: » Since the Passage Learned Has A Certain Unity It Is Possib...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reminiscence—reply to Dr. Buxton's critique.

English¹

1942

Psychological Review

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Our studies did not begin in a search for reminiscence; we found, however, a rise in certain recognition-retention curves which so exactly conformed to what Ballard and after him others had called reminiscence that we adopted the term. Had we been content to present our data merely in terms of changes in averages (complete with critical ratios, of course), there would have been no controversy. It soon became apparent to us, however, that the conventional concept of reminiscence and much current analysis of data was confused; and we were led, step by step, to a strict experimental definition of the phenomenon. We found it necessary to reject a rise in averages as the criterion (but the rise in our studies is very real, not 'apparent' as Buxton says) because such an average rise confounds phenomena moving in opposite directions. We came at length to the definition of reminiscence as recall or recognition of a specific memorandum (i.e., of an 1 In preparing this reply, I am so greatly indebted to Dr. Allen L. Edwards and Professor Maurice C. Moggie that it would be entirely proper to list them as joint authors. In what follows it is the plural, not merely the editorial 'we' which is used. The final draft, however, is mine and I must, therefore, assume responsibility for any errors.

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“…This definition is broad enough to include the literary use of the term but, more to the point, it seizes directly upon the actual characteristic phenomena of the experiment. 3 It is, if you will, merely a logical corollary of the definition that the practice effect of the immediate recall cannot at all affect reminiscence as it is evidenced at the time of delayed recall. But strictly logical corollaries are important-and the safest of all conclusions-provided they start from a sound base.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, when we have taken more pains to establish the psychological significance of the individual responses, there will be fewer occasions for averaging. As we have pointed out elsewhere (3,4), psychology needs a wider use of the statistics of categories instead of central tendency. Specifically, cross-sectional analysis by means of averages, that is to say analysis by averages whenever change with time is involved seems to us as dangerous in experimental work as it has been shown to be in the study of growth and development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%