“…While the protective efficacy of vegetable intake against cancer has long been recognized (Williams 1898), the operationalization of this insight regarding public health has been held back by difficulties in identifying protective mechanisms/constituents (WCRF/AICR 2018). Specifically, it is our impression that the demonstration of the absence of protective effects in randomized controlled trials of vitamins A, C and E and β-carotene (Bjelakovic, Nikolova, and Gluud 2013) hampered confidence in recommendations to increase consumption of vegetables in general and carrots in particular.…”