“…We support the predictions of our theory, which contradicts and expands existing arguments in the literature on immigration (Fetzer & Soper, 2005;Helbling, 2014;Koopmans, 2013), studies on religious discrimination (Fox & Akbaba, 2013, 2014, and the economics of religion (Grim & Finke, 2007, by combining two data sources in the controlled setting of a subnational comparison. First, we draw on newly designed survey items that capture citizens' attitudes toward Muslim immigrants, the wearing of headscarves, and the building of minarets that were for the first time included in the 2011 wave of the Swiss Electoral Studies (SELECTS; Lutz, 2012).…”