Religiosity and female labour market attainment in Canada: the Protestant exception

Abstract

Purpose – The relationship between religiosity and female labour market attainment has been widely investigated for the USA; however, no comparable study has been undertaken for the Canadian context. The purpose of this paper is to redress this critical oversight of the literature by examining the impact of religiosity on Canadian female labour supply, both at extensive and intensive margins. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey, the authors consider all the measurable dimensions of religiosity, for the pooled sample, as well as by religious group. A wide array of control variables is included in the regressions to insure the reliability of the estimates. Findings – The authors find that overall religiosity inversely relates to female labour supply in Canada. When the impact of religiosity is assessed on a by religion basis, it is revealed that Protestant females are penalized, by far the most. Practical implications – The result is comparable with the pattern uncovered in the USA for Conservative Protestant females. Unlike what can be expected, no statistically significant difference is detected between religious-nones and Catholics, suggesting a convergence of gender ideologies. Originality/value – The investigation reveals interesting patterns that not only contribute to the current state of literature, but also motivate future research. Fairlie and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition techniques are also used to further explore attainment gaps among the religious groups.

Moderating of Religiosity on Reward and Engagement: Empirical Study in Indonesia Public Service

“…In many previous studies collected to compile intelligent buildings, this study states that religiosity bridges job satisfaction and gratitude for the size of a salary, and bridges a person's behavior (Dilmaghani & Dean, 2016;Farouk, Md Idris, & Saad, 2018;Huda et al, 2019) Findings show a conflicting statement in this study. However, some of the results of previous studies rejoin our research findings, which stated that moderation between religiosity factors that bridge the reward, behavior and work involvement and performance is not a positive and significant effect (Ilter, Bayraktaroglu, & Ipek, 2017;Bakar et al, 2013).…”

“…In an Islamic perspective, the measure of religiosity or obedience comes from how high the level of trust in the presence of God in the Muslim faith. (Allah SWT), how confident individuals are in the presence of God, and how it relates to fellow human beings (Dilmaghani & Dean, 2016). Added by Bakar et al, (2013) The indication of religiosity comes from two indicators, namely, outward (i.e., believing in the religion of Islam, observing the central worship at the mosque, zakat, fasting, and pilgrimage) and intrinsic (i.e., a high curiosity in learning the Koran and practicing the essence of al-Islam Quran in everyday life), generally, research on religiosity can be found from studies of Islamic studies.…”

“…Some researchers like Dilmaghani and Dean (2016, Farouk, et al (2018, Huda et al (2019, Karami, Olfati, and Dubinsky (2014), Kashif, Zarkada, and Thurasamy (2017) and Khraim (2010) state that there is a significant positive relationship between the level of religiosity and employee involvement in work. Dilmaghani and Dean (2016) and (Farouk et al (2018) emphasize, from the standpoint of the theory of consumer behavior, that the benchmarks of religiosity go hand in hand with how much the individual understands the teachings of religion (Islam). But, from the same point of view, namely, consumer behavior theory, Bakar, Lee, and Hazarina Hashim (2013) and (Ilter, Bayraktaroglu, and Ipek (2017) argue that the relationship between the level of religiosity and one's behavior is negatively related.…”

“…Bakar, et al (2013) concludes that the bridge that connects the level of religiosity can have whole meaning and is inseparable from the influence of one's materialism. Not only from the standpoint of behavior theory for Muslims themselves, one study that examines the level of religiosity in Protestants by Dilmaghani and Dean (2016) found that the level of religiosity of protestant women workers on the supply of female labor in Canada is believed to have a strong influence on both the industrial and social environment.…”

Do values explain the low employment levels of Muslim women around the world? A within‐ and between‐country analysis

“…Several authors examine single nations and find that Muslim women are less likely to work for pay than women of other religions, even after controls for education and family status. This is true in the United Kingdom (Connor and Koenig ; Khattab, Johnston and Manley ), Germany (Diehl, Koenig and Ruckdeschel ), the Netherlands (Khoudja and Fleischmann ), Canada (Dilmaghani, Dean and Tyler ; Reitz, Phan and Banerjee ), Australia (Vella ), India (Klasen and Pieters ), and Malaysia (Amin and Alam )…”