Reliability and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Patient Empowerment Scale

Abstract

Empowerment scales for inpatients have been developed worldwide, but their validity and reliability have not been adequately tested and applied to the health promotion and care among older adults during hospitalization. In this study, the Patient Empowerment Scale developed by Faulkner was translated into Japanese, and Japanese patients were surveyed to test its clinical applicability. To test its applicability, 151 patients in rehabilitation wards were surveyed in four municipalities. After considering ceiling/floor effects and validating the structure, the Patient Empowerment Scale—Japanese comprised 37 items and six factors: subject–staff interaction, environmental adjustment through collaboration, necessary information gathering and problem awareness, proactive behavioral practices, self-disclosure, and self-management of activities. Criteria-related validity assessment confirmed the scale’s correlation with the Health Locus of Control Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, 13-item Sense of Coherence Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Regarding internal consistency, the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.93 for all 37 items. The Cronbach’s alphas for the six factors were 0.93, 0.91, 0.92, 0.92, 0.91, and 0.75, respectively. In our test/re-test of reliability, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between the first and second total scores was ρ = 0.96, p < 0.01. These results confirm the scale’s validity and reliability, and its applicability to older hospitalized patients.

The translation process of the Culturally Sensitive Active Aging Scale for Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Pakistan

“…Signi cant positive relationship between AAS-Pak and SAS with the SR=0.85**, LIS=0.75**, HLT=0.81**, and the overall Successful aging scale (SAS) (r=0.86**, (P=<0.001). Surprisingly, our study results are consistent with the results of these studies although carried out in other context such as Japan [24] used health questionnaire, Turkey, successful aging scale, and Aging in place scale as a gold standard [19]. The reason can be elimination of few items due to not relevant in this context, and the similarity can be supported by WHO "aging well frameworks" in which standardized active aging determinants were highlighted to address with combine efforts such as independent as long as possible, participate in activities, productive life, safety and security, social support.…”

“…The collectivistic nature of Islam and cultural norms, the people are interconnected, and they held individuals accountable for one another [31]. This notion is consistent with the valued concept of individualism among elderly Western people [13], and Yorozuya's study in Japan [24]. The concurrent validity of the scale were measured through 14 items in three components of Successful Aging Scale in which most of the items in self-reliance and health aging were similar to AAS-Pak.…”

“…The test retest reliability of the scale is showing mean scores of 105 value at rst time with Cronbach Alpha 0.92 ,and a mean score of 106.80 in the second time with Cronbach Alpha 0.88 shows that the validity and reliability of the scale is stable. The scale is seen to be stable and valid in various context with some attrition and deletion of the items as per their relevancy to the context [14], [22], [24].…”

“…Previous studies supported the requirement that a culturally sensitive instrument require the collection of unbiased data, as different scales adopted from others may not ful ll the criteria of cross-cultural sensitivity of a scale. Multiple scales are currently available[8], [24] [8], [14] that assessed the active aging level in the elder population in other countries with different cultures. Although, Anwar translated a English version successful aging scale into Urdu, consisted of three factors, 14 items in which self-reliance, healthy life style and adoptive coping [25],is seen similar to the items of Active Aging Scale 36 There was an urgent need to develop a culturally sensitive study instrument in Urdu to assess the active aging status of elders in Pakistan.…”

Relationship between Empowerment and Functioning and Disability in Older Japanese Patients: A Covariance Structure Analysis

“…The PES-J [16], a patient-based scale that is used to evaluate the frequency of daily care and environmental adjustments that are related to empowerment using a 4-point categorical scale (Never/Sometimes/Often/Always), was used. The PES-J uses empowerment, defined as "the series of processes in which disclosing oneself, not only verbally but also nonverbally (e.g., through work, roles, and collaborative activities), in connection with others, objectively perceiving one's existence and challenges, taking proactive actions based on decision-making, and utilizing one's strengths in new work and community life".…”