Reliability and Construct Validity of Yo-Yo Tests in Untrained and Soccer-Trained Schoolgirls Aged 9–16

Póvoas, Susana; Castagna, Carlo; Soares, José Manuel da Costa; Coelho‐e‐Silva, Manuel J.; Matos, Fernando; Krustrup, Peter

doi:10.1123/pes.2015-0212

Cited by 28 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The aim of this study was to examine the capability of different field and laboratory testing protocols, as well as small‐sided football games (7v7), to induce exercise HR max in recreational football players. A treadmill testing protocol for VO 2max assessment and popular football‐specific field tests commonly suggested as valid, reliable, and feasible procedures for assessing HR max were considered . Additionally, exercise HR was monitored during small‐sided recreational football matches in order to explore the nature of HR peak values during casual intermittent exercise .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A suggested practical alternative to laboratory treadmill protocols is endurance field testing . The Yo‐Yo intermittent tests, in their different versions and levels, are proposed as feasible, valid, and reliable field‐testing protocols for assessing HR max in football players across different competitive levels, ages, and genders under field conditions, being very popular in this sport …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maximal heart rate assessment in recreational football players: A study involving a multiple testing approach

Póvoas

Krustrup

Pereira

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study aimed at examining the suitability of a standard treadmill test (TT), popular intermittent field tests, and small‐sided football matches to induce maximal heart rate (HRmax) in recreational football players. Sixty‐six inactive untrained male subjects (age: 39.3 ± 5.8 years, VO2max: 41.2 ± 6.2 mL kg−1 min−1, body mass: 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height: 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) were evaluated. On separate occasions, the players were randomly submitted to a progressive VO2max TT, to the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1) and level 2 (YYIE2) tests, to the Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) test, and to 7v7 (43 × 27 m pitch, 83 m2/player) football matches (45 minutes; 2‐4 matches/player). To ensure data consistency, exercise HR was recorded using the same HR monitors in all the experimental conditions. A total of 73%, 24%, 18%, 17%, and 30% of the players achieved their HRmax during the YYIE1, YYIE2, YYIR1, TT, and the small‐sided football matches, respectively. The probability of achieving HRmax increased proportionally to test duration, with 7.8 minutes as the cutoff time. Variations in HRpeak of ±2 b min−1 should be regarded as of practical relevance. YYIE1 HRpeak provided the most accurate estimation of a subject's individual HRmax and much higher probability of reaching HRmax. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest caution in considering a reference test for HRmax assessment in this population. The use of confirmation tests is still highly advisable when the test duration is shorter than 7.8 minutes. In this regard, field tests seem to be suitable and accurate for individual HRmax assessment in recreational football players.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal heart rate assessment in recreational football players: A study involving a multiple testing approach

Póvoas

Krustrup

Pereira

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…For the YYIE1, CV of 5.7% was observed in young soccer players (age ~14, n = 51) (Wong et al, 2011) and for the YYIE2, CV of 4.5% was observed in domestic female soccer players ( n = 27) (Bradley et al, 2014). With respect to age (and potentially training experience in intermittent sports) as a major confounding factor for test reproducibility, Póvoas et al reported on Yo-Yo tests in schoolboys (9–16 years) and observed that the CV decreased with increasing age from 11.1 to 8.5% (Póvoas et al, 2016). Deprez and colleagues reported that the CV for the YYIR1 decreased with increasing age from 17.3 to 7.9% in 78 sub- and non-elite soccer players (age-range 11.3–17.2 years) (Deprez et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results

Schmitz¹,

Pfeifer²,

Kreitz³

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data.Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included.Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated.Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.

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“…Unfortunately, direct assessment of VO 2max in laboratory or field conditions requires the use of standard ergometers and portable gas analyzers, which may be inaccessible for most recreational football players. Maximal endurance field tests may represent a valid alternative to laboratory tests for aerobic fitness assessment . However, since participant's effort to exhaustion is required in maximal tests, their recurrent use for health and for motivation issues may be discouraged, especially in health‐related exercise interventions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their maximal nature discourages the use of YYIE1 and 2 for repeated estimation of players’ aerobic fitness in order to optimize training implementation (ie, training intensity and or volume/density) . This is in spite of the proven validity and reliability of the YYIE1 and 2 tests across different populations . Thus, submaximal versions were proposed for estimating aerobic fitness level at baseline and during training interventions, when repeated use is required .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal field testing validity for aerobic fitness assessment in recreational football

Póvoas

Krustrup

Castagna

2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Submaximal field tests are especially recommended when repeated testing is warranted. This study aimed at assessing the validity of the submaximal versions of the Yo‐Yo intermittent tests in male recreational football players in untrained and trained status. The participants’ (n = 66; age 39.3 ± 5.8 years, VO2max 41.2 ± 6.2 mL·kg−1·min−1, body mass 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) heart rate after 2 minutes (HR2min) during the level 1 (YYIE1HR2min) and 2 (YYIE2HR2min) versions of the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance test and the level 1 version of the Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIR1HR2min) was plotted against individual VO2max values. Thirty‐two participants performed all the tests after a 12‐week recreational football intervention for test responsiveness. Associations between VO2max and YYIE1HR2min were large to small (P = .0001). Large to trivial associations were found between YYIE2HR2min, YYIR1HR2min, and VO2max (P < .01). Maximal Yo‐Yo performances were large, significant, and inversely related to HR2min (−0.68 to −0.49, P < .0001). Pre‐ to post‐intervention ICC values were good for YYIE1HR2min and YYIE2HR2min, and excellent for YYIR1HR2min. Post‐intervention associations between HR2min and Yo‐Yo maximal performances were large to very large (−0.55 to −0.72; P < .002, n = 32). Training‐induced changes in VO2max moderately correlated with YYIR1HR2min (−0.48; P = .007; n = 32). HR2min lower than 89%, 98%, and 91% HRmax for YYIE1HR2min, YYIE2HR2min, and YYIR1HR2min, respectively, may be considered as signs of good to excellent VO2max levels. Since in the YYIE1HR2min, the participants attained 84% HRmax and test specificity increased for HR2min values <89%, this test may be the preferred choice when repeated assessment of aerobic fitness, using submaximal intermittent Yo‐Yo tests, is considered in recreational football.

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Reliability and Construct Validity of Yo-Yo Tests in Untrained and Soccer-Trained Schoolgirls Aged 9–16

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Maximal heart rate assessment in recreational football players: A study involving a multiple testing approach

Maximal heart rate assessment in recreational football players: A study involving a multiple testing approach

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results

Submaximal field testing validity for aerobic fitness assessment in recreational football

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