Relevance of sonochemistry or ultrasound (US) as a proficient means for the synthesis of fused heterocycles

Abstract

Medicinal chemistry has been benefited by combinatorial chemistry and high throughput parallel synthesis. The use of sonochemistry under controlled conditions has been proved beneficial for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery process since it dramatically reduces reaction times, from days or hours to minutes. In addition, sonochemistry synthesis provides higher yields, lower cost, easy workups and greater purity as compared to lower yields, tedious workups, longer reaction times, lesser purity and termination of many by-products in the conventional thermal methods.

Sonochemical synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles catalyzed by ZrP2O7 nanoparticles and regioselective conversion into new 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles

“…As shown in Table 2, in all cases the ultrasound waves increased the rate of reaction. The cavitation effect which was produced by ultrasonication is probably the reason of this occurrence [42]. Under sonication, the reaction mixture is activated by inducing high local temperatures and pressures generated inside the cavitation bubble and its interfaces when it collapses, which can accelerate the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time [43,44].…”

One-pot, clean and energy efficient synthesis of dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine derivatives promoted by ultrasound

“…Recently, several useful review papers summarized the latest developments on ultrasound assisted chemical reactions [29][30][31][32]. Micro-jets formation during the ultrasonic irradiation produces fine emulsion between the reactants and increases the local temperature of the reaction mixture, leading to supply the activation energy [33].…”

The use of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water as alternative technologies in the meat industry

“…In the perspective of food technology, US is a sound wave with a high frequency vibration, which promotes a mix of fluids and the shear force (Kentish and Feng, 2014). The sound spectrum can be divided into regions, which are low frequency and high intensity (20-100 kHz) and high frequency and low intensity (1-10 MHz) (Patil et al, 2013).…”