Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

Weber, Roland; Kuch, Bertram

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00118-1

Cited by 316 publications

(227 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The PBDD/Fs have similar heterogeneous formation mechanism through de novo synthesis as PCDD/Fs, which may have led to the increase in the exhaust after SCR treatment. Additionally, the PBDEs have been reported to form PBDD/Fs either via de novo synthesis or the more likely elimination, debromination, condensation and/or recombination reactions (Ebert and Bahadir, 2003;Weber and Kuch, 2003;Altarawneh and Dlugogorski, 2013). Though it was not measured in our study, PBDEs easily occur in diesel engine combustion as found in previous research (Chang et al, 2014a, b;Mwangi et al, 2015a;Chen et al, 2017;Redfern et al, 2017).…”

Section: Pbdd/f Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction on the Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Cheruiyot

Wang

Lin

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diesel engines is becoming more important due to their proximity to human beings compared to stationary sources whose emission have been well controlled over the years. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) have been adopted in the heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) to reduce the nitrogen oxide (NO x ). SCR has also been reported to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, the memory effect and reformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during SCR operation are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of Copper-zeolite SCR (CuZ SCR) on PCDD/F, PCB, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PBDD/F), and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) emissions from a HDDE at 50% and 75% engine load. Notably, PCDD/F and PCB toxicity emissions increased by 78.4% and 201%, respectively. The dominant PCDD/F congeners were OCDD, OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and PCB-105, PCB-118 and PCB-77 for PCBs. More PCDFs were formed compared to PCDDs and lower chlorinated congeners increased more than the higher chlorinated ones. There was also an increase of PBDD/F concentrations from undetectable levels (ND) to 0.247 pg TEQ Nm -3 (4.00 pg TEQ L -1 ) after the SCR. However, only 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF contributed to the concentrations. PBBs was the only compound measured that reduced after the SCR. The only congener detected before and after the SCR was PBB 15. Consequently, the CuZ SCR could be a source of POPs under mid and high engine loads in this study. Further detail research is required to focus on the formation of POPs on the catalyst surfaces and structures.

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Section: Pbdd/f Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 59%

Effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction on the Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Cheruiyot

Wang

Lin

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…41 During recent years, mixed brominated/chlorinated compounds have also been observed in biota samples from the background environment. 26,42 Unger et al first reported ClBr 3 -DDs in sponges from the Baltic Sea.…”

Section: ' Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Monochloro-Nonabromodiphenyl Ethers in the Air and Soil Samples from South China

Zheng

Ren

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Several studies have indicated that mixed brominated/chlorinated organic compounds could be formed during the thermal process such as the incineration of municipal solid waste and open burning of unregulated e-waste at recycling areas. In this study, air particles and soils from e-waste recycling areas, as well as outdoor and indoor air particles from urban Guangzhou, were collected and pooled for the identification of mixed chlorinated/brominated diphenyl ethers (PXDEs). Three monochloro-nonabromo diphenyl ethers (Cl-nonaBDEs), including 6′-Cl-BDE-206, 5′-Cl-BDE-207, and/or 4′-Cl-BDE-208, were first structurally identified in these air and soil samples. The identification was done by comparison of retention times in chromatograms of pure reference compounds and environmental samples, as well as by comparison with full-scan mass spectra data in electron capture negative ionization mode. Because of their similar physical−chemical properties, 4′-Cl-BDE-208 and 5′-Cl-BDE-207 absolutely coeluted, even on a nonpolar DB-5 column. Further investigation is still needed to clarify these findings. Nevertheless, the results indicated that Cl-nonaBDEs would occur in various environmental matrices. Because the replacement of Br by Cl will change the physical−chemical properties of PBDE analogues, environmental occurrence, fate, and transport, the potential toxicity of PXDEs should be investigated.

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“…These studies suggest that the final amounts of brominated, brominated-chlorinated, and chlorinated dioxin and furans are controlled by three reactions: chlorinebromine exchange, bromination of PCDD/F, and chlorinebromine incorporated parallel de novo synthesis reactions (5). A pilot-scale experiment found that PBCDD/F and PCDD/F levels increased significantly during flue gas cooling processes, which are typically part of controlled industrial thermal processes (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed Polybrominated/chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Stack Gas Emissions from Industrial Thermal Processes

Zheng

Huang

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Very little is known about mixed polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/F) in industrial thermal processes. In this study, the occurrences and characteristics of PBCDD/F from various incineration and metallurgical processes were investigated. In addition, PBCDD/F analytical protocols based on HRGC/HRMS were developed and optimized. The sum of isomer group concentrations ranged from 1.7-3740 pmol Nm -3 for PBCDF and 0.2-582 pmol Nm -3 for PBCDD. For some metallurgical industries, the amounts of PBDD/F and PBCDD/F emitted were similar to or even higher than the amounts of PCDD/F. The sources of bromine and brominated-precursors in these processes should be evaluated. The PBCDD/F characteristics investigated included isomer group patterns, ratio of bromine and chlorine incorporated in PBCDD/F, and ratio of halogenated furans to dioxins. Lower brominated PBCDD/F were binomially distributed. But in some cases, the concentrations of higher brominated PBCDD/F were much higher than predicted from the binomial distribution. The formation mechanisms of PBDD/F, PBCDD/ F, and PCDD/F in these processes were also evaluated.

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Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated–chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans

Cited by 316 publications

References 54 publications

Effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction on the Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction on the Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Identification of Monochloro-Nonabromodiphenyl Ethers in the Air and Soil Samples from South China

Mixed Polybrominated/chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Stack Gas Emissions from Industrial Thermal Processes

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