Relaxation and Recovery in Hydrogel Friction on Smooth Surfaces

Abstract

Background Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer networks that can absorb and retain a large fraction of liquid. Near a critical sliding velocity, hydrogels pressed against smooth surfaces exhibit time-dependent frictional behavior occurring over multiple timescales, yet the origin of these dynamics is unresolved. Objective Here, we characterize this time-dependent regime and show that it is consistent with two distinct molecular processes: sliding-induced relaxation and quiescent recovery. Methods Our experiments use a custom pin-on-disk tribometer to examine poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels on smooth poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces over a variety of sliding conditions, from minutes to hours. Results We show that at a fixed sliding velocity, the friction coefficient decays exponentially and reaches a steady-state value. The time constant associated with this decay varies exponentially with the sliding velocity, and is sensitive to any precedent frictional shearing of the interface. This process is reversible; upon cessation of sliding, the friction coefficient recovers to its original state. We also show that the initial direction of shear can be imprinted as an observable "memory", and is visible after 24 hrs of repeated frictional shearing. Conclusions We attribute this behavior to nanoscale extension and relaxation dynamics of the near-surface polymer network, leading to a model of frictional relaxation and recovery with two parallel timescales. I. INTRODUCTIONHydrogel consists of a solvent-saturated, crosslinked polymer network that exhibits unique frictional properties due to its ambiguous nature. When swollen with liquid, osmotic pressure forces from the hydrophillic nature of the polymer network give rise to macroscale elasticity. However, hydrogels can be over 90% liquid by weight, leading to a self-lubricating slippery surface [1,2]. When exposed to a sliding interface, this dichotomy results in nontrivial and time-dependent frictional behavior that is important for numerous applications including biomaterials [3-10], biomechanics [11][12][13][14], soft robotics [15-21], and industrial water management [17,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The friction coefficient associated with a given interface generally depends on contact geometry [29][30][31][32][33][34], sliding velocity [35][36][37][38], liquid viscosity [39] and hydration [40,41], polymer density [28,39,42], and any physicochemical absorption of polymers to the sliding layer [1,43].