Relative variation in human proximal and distal limb segment lengths

Holliday, Trenton W.; Ruff, Christopher B.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1098

Cited by 115 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…It is well known that skeletal dimensions exhibit differences related to race and geographic location (16,19,(35)(36)(37). Accordingly, caution must be used when using our models to predict TSSV in patients of other races.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for Estimating Skeletal Spongiosa Volume and Active Marrow Mass in the Adult Male and Adult Female

Pichardo¹,

Trindade²,

Brindle³

et al. 2007

Journal of Nuclear Medicine

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Active bone marrow is one of the more radiosensitive tissues in the human body and, hence, it is important to predict and possibly avoid myelotoxicity in radionuclide therapies. The MIRD schema currently used to calculate marrow dose generally requires knowledge of the patient's total skeletal active marrow mass-a value that, at present, cannot be directly measured. Conceptually, the active marrow mass in a given skeletal region may be obtained given knowledge of the trabecular spongiosa volume (SV) of the bone site. A recent study has established a multiple regression model to easily calculate total skeletal SV (or TSSV) based on simple skeletal measurements obtained from a pelvic CT scan or radiograph. This model, based on data from only 20 cadavers, did not account for sex differences in TSSV. This study thus extends this work toward sex-specific models. Methods: Twenty male and 20 female cadavers were subjected to whole-body CT. Bone sites containing active bone marrow were manually segmented to obtain SV at each site. In addition to age and height, 14 CT-based skeletal measurements were recorded for each cadaver. Multiple linear regression techniques were used to determine the best subset of measurements that allowed an accurate prediction of TSSV. Results: A pooled model (R 2 5 0.76) and a sex-specific model (R 2 5 0.79) are provided. A leave-one-out analysis reveals that these models predict total SV with less than 10% error for 50%-70% of subjects, and with less than 20% error for 70%-90% of subjects. Tables were constructed that provide the percent distribution of SV in active-marrow containing bone sites for both males and females. Conclusion: This study provides models that can be used to simply, yet accurately, predict total SV in individuals within the clinical setting. The models require only 2 or 3 skeletal measurements that can be easily measured on a pelvic CT scan. Even though this study does not conclusively determine which model is best at predicting TSSV, the sex-specific model is most consistent at providing reasonable estimates of TSSV. This study also explains how the predictive TSSV model can be used to estimate patient-specific active bone marrow mass under the assumption of reference values of marrow volume fraction and bone marrow cellularity by skeletal site.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for Estimating Skeletal Spongiosa Volume and Active Marrow Mass in the Adult Male and Adult Female

Pichardo¹,

Trindade²,

Brindle³

et al. 2007

Journal of Nuclear Medicine

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“…There is considerable global variation in human body size and proportions, some of which has been interpreted as phylogenetically conservative and heritable (Holliday 1997;Holliday and Falsetti 1999;Pearson 2000;Holliday and Ruff 2001), thus providing information about long-term adaptation to environmental variation. Most recent analyses continue to interpret variation in human limb proportions as being adaptive in response to environmental stress (Temple et al 2008) and relatively stable throughout development (Cowgill et al 2012).…”

Section: Variation In Human Phenotype and Among Negrito Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skeletal Phenotype of “Negritos” from the Andaman Islands and Philippines Relative to Global Variation among Hunter-Gatherers

Stock

2013

Human Biology

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The "negrito hypothesis" suggests that populations of small-bodied foragers in South and Southeast Asia who share common phenotypic characteristics may also share a common, ancient origin. The key defining characteristics of the "negrito" phenotype, small body size, dark skin, and tightly curled hair, have been interpreted as linking these populations to sub-Saharan Africans. The underlying assumption of this interpretation is that the observed phenotypic similarities likely reflect shared ancestry rather than phenotypic convergence. Current genetic evidence is inconclusive, as it both demonstrates that negrito populations have genetic affinities with neighboring populations but also rare and ancient variation that suggests considerable isolation. This study investigates the skeletal phenotype of Andaman Islanders and Aeta foragers from the Philippines in the context of the phenotypic variation among other hunter-gatherers globally, to test whether they show a common, unique physique apart from small body size. Particular emphasis is placed on the comparison of negrito phenotypes to African, Asian, and Australian hunter-gatherer diversity to investigate phenotypic similarities to other populations globally. The results demonstrate that despite sharing small adult stature, the Andaman Islanders and Aeta show variation in body dimensions. In particular, the Andaman Islanders share a pattern of narrow bi-iliac breadth and short upper limbs with the Khoisan (Later Stone Age Southern Africans), whereas the Aeta and Efé show broader bi-iliac breadths relative to lower limb lengths. Although general similarities in size and proportions remain between the Andamanese and Aeta, differences in humero-femoral indices and arm length between these groups and the Efé demonstrate that there is not a generic "pygmy" phenotype. Our interpretations of negrito origins and adaptation must account for this phenotypic variation. Abstract The "negrito hypothesis" suggests that populations of smallbodied foragers in South and Southeast Asia who share common phenotypic characteristics may also share a common, ancient origin. The key defining characteristics of the "negrito" phenotype, small body size, dark skin, and tightly curled hair, have been interpreted as linking these populations to sub-Saharan Africans. The underlying assumption of this interpretation is that the observed phenotypic similarities likely reflect shared ancestry rather than phenotypic convergence. Current genetic evidence is inconclusive, as it both demonstrates that negrito populations have genetic affinities with neighboring populations but also rare and ancient variation that suggests considerable isolation. This study investigates the skeletal phenotype of Andaman Islanders and Aeta foragers from the Philippines in the context of the phenotypic variation among other hunter-gatherers globally, to test whether they show a common, unique physique apart from small body size. Particular emphasis is placed on the comparison of negrito phenotypes to African, As...

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“…The bra chial index in Dederiyeh 1 (right � 78.7, left � 76.3) is also relatively high, above the mean in three samples of modem human children (Kondo and Dodo, 2002). Kondo and Dodo (2002) noted that the differences between Roe de Marsal and Dederiyeh 1 would represent a wide range of variation in the brachial index among immature Nean dertals, a situation also seen among adult Neandertals and in terpreted as a product of ecogeographic variation (Trinkaus, 1981(Trinkaus, , 1983Heim, 1982b;Holliday, 1997Holliday, , 1999Holliday and Ruff, 2001). The European context of the Cova Negra (n�5) (n � 13) 97.6 9S.0 100.8 ± S.8 l1S.6 ± 13.3 10.9 9.7 10.2 ± 1.4 11.2± 1.5 10.1 10.2 10.6 ± 1.4 11.8±1.7…”

Section: Postcraniai Remainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proportions of limb-bone lengths to stature and body mass are different between Neandertals and modern humans, and relative limb length and body breadth vary ecogeographically in modern and earlier humans (Trinkaus, 1981;Holliday, 1999;Holliday and Ruff, 2001). Wide variation is also known to exist in the correlation of long-bone length to stature between sexes and populations (Feldesman, 1992;Feldesman and Fountain, 1996), and esti mates from upper-limb bones provide different results than those based on lower-limb bones (Kondo et aI., 2000).…”

Section: Femur I (Cn 42168 and Cn 42169) (Figs 18 19)mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Neandertal remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain)

Arsuaga

Bonilla

Quam

et al. 2007

Journal of Human Evolution

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New Neandertal fossils from the Mousterian site of Cova Negra in the Valencia region of Spain are described, and a comprehensive study of the entire human fossil sample is provided. The new specimens significantly augment the sample of human remains from this site and make Cova Negra one of the richest human paleontological sites on the Iberian Peninsula. The new specimens include cranial and postcranial elements from immature individuals and provide an opportunity to study the ontogenetic appearance of adult Neandertal characteristics in this Pleistocene pop ulation. Children younger than 10 years of age constitute four of the seven minimum number of individuals in the sample, and this relative abundance of children at Cova Negra is similar that in to other Neandertal sites in Europe and southwest Asia. The recognition of diagnostic Neandertal features in several of the specimens, as well as their western European context and late Pleistocene age, suggests that all the human remains from Cova Negra represent Neandertals. The archaeological evidence from Cova Negra indicates sporadic, short-term occupations of the site, suggesting a high degree of mobility among Neandertals.

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Relative variation in human proximal and distal limb segment lengths

Cited by 115 publications

References 34 publications

Method for Estimating Skeletal Spongiosa Volume and Active Marrow Mass in the Adult Male and Adult Female

Method for Estimating Skeletal Spongiosa Volume and Active Marrow Mass in the Adult Male and Adult Female

The Skeletal Phenotype of “Negritos” from the Andaman Islands and Philippines Relative to Global Variation among Hunter-Gatherers

New Neandertal remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain)

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