Method for Estimating Skeletal Spongiosa Volume and Active Marrow Mass in the Adult Male and Adult Female

Abstract

Active bone marrow is one of the more radiosensitive tissues in the human body and, hence, it is important to predict and possibly avoid myelotoxicity in radionuclide therapies. The MIRD schema currently used to calculate marrow dose generally requires knowledge of the patient's total skeletal active marrow mass-a value that, at present, cannot be directly measured. Conceptually, the active marrow mass in a given skeletal region may be obtained given knowledge of the trabecular spongiosa volume (SV) of the bone site. A recent study has established a multiple regression model to easily calculate total skeletal SV (or TSSV) based on simple skeletal measurements obtained from a pelvic CT scan or radiograph. This model, based on data from only 20 cadavers, did not account for sex differences in TSSV. This study thus extends this work toward sex-specific models. Methods: Twenty male and 20 female cadavers were subjected to whole-body CT. Bone sites containing active bone marrow were manually segmented to obtain SV at each site. In addition to age and height, 14 CT-based skeletal measurements were recorded for each cadaver. Multiple linear regression techniques were used to determine the best subset of measurements that allowed an accurate prediction of TSSV. Results: A pooled model (R 2 5 0.76) and a sex-specific model (R 2 5 0.79) are provided. A leave-one-out analysis reveals that these models predict total SV with less than 10% error for 50%-70% of subjects, and with less than 20% error for 70%-90% of subjects. Tables were constructed that provide the percent distribution of SV in active-marrow containing bone sites for both males and females. Conclusion: This study provides models that can be used to simply, yet accurately, predict total SV in individuals within the clinical setting. The models require only 2 or 3 skeletal measurements that can be easily measured on a pelvic CT scan. Even though this study does not conclusively determine which model is best at predicting TSSV, the sex-specific model is most consistent at providing reasonable estimates of TSSV. This study also explains how the predictive TSSV model can be used to estimate patient-specific active bone marrow mass under the assumption of reference values of marrow volume fraction and bone marrow cellularity by skeletal site.

MRI Measurement of Bone Marrow Cellularity for Radiation Dosimetry

“…In addition, because SP-IDEAL provides fat and water images of the complete bone, CF changes can be assessed at multiple locations. These results also indicate that CF measured by SP-IDEAL is sufficiently accurate to be used in BM mass predictive equations (5). A CF error within 64% will result in a negligible loss of accuracy in most cases.…”

Biodistribution, Tumor Detection, and Radiation Dosimetry of 18F-DCFBC, a Low-Molecular-Weight Inhibitor of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen, in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer

“…In the case of red marrow, ROI volumes were corrected to account for the spongiosa and marrow volume fractions (18) and the marrow cellularity (Supplemental Fig. 3) (24).…”

“…The average activity concentration in each organ was multiplied by the volume to generate the total organ activity at each time point, or the time–activity curve. Organ volumes were converted to patient-specific organ masses using standard organ densities from the literature except in the case of the gastrointestinal tract contents (17,18), which were determined using the CT-derived average densities in a manner analogous to that used by Senthamizhchelvan et al (20). Patient-specific data used for dosimetry calculations are detailed in Supplemental Table 1.…”

Individual Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Human Bone Marrow of Patients with Aplastic Anemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome Stably Give Rise to Limited Cell Lineages

“…However, this is also quite unlikely. Provided that 400 stem cells contribute to whole hematopoiesis [1, 2] containing 18 × 10 11 hematopoietic cells [29] in a total of approximately 1 kg active BM mass [30], the size of the hematopoietic site of one clone maintained by a single HSC in BM could be several cm 3 , which may contain on the order of 10 9 hematopoietic cells and a comparable number of stromal cells. It is thus difficult to conceive that such large area contains only limited types of microenvironments.…”