Relative Significance of Heredity, Diet and Occupational Stress in Coronary Heart Disease of Young Adults Based on an Analysis of 100 Patients Between the Aces of 25 and 40 Years and a Similar Group of 100 Normal Control Subjects
“…There is a long history of research on the relationship between occupational stressors and CVD, 27 and this study agrees with the findings of two recent meta-analyses, which presented evidence that the risk of CVD increased as working hours increased. 9, 18 Kang et al (2012) reported a 37 percent increase in the odds of CVD among those exposed to long work hours (the definition of which varied by study) compared to those unexposed (95% CI: 1.11 – 1.70), which was not influenced by age, geographical location, or study year.…”
Objectives
To examine the presence of a dose-response relationship between work hours and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a representative sample of U.S. workers.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study of 1,926 individuals from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1986–2011) employed for at least 10 years. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to estimate the dose-response relationship of work hours with CVD.
Results
A dose-response relationship was observed in which an average workweek of 46 hours or more for at least 10 years was associated with increased risk of CVD. Compared to working 45 hours per week, working an additional 10 hours per week or more for at least 10 years increased CVD risk by at least 16%.
Conclusions
Working more than 45 work hours per week for at least 10 years may be an independent risk factor for CVD.
“…There is a long history of research on the relationship between occupational stressors and CVD, 27 and this study agrees with the findings of two recent meta-analyses, which presented evidence that the risk of CVD increased as working hours increased. 9, 18 Kang et al (2012) reported a 37 percent increase in the odds of CVD among those exposed to long work hours (the definition of which varied by study) compared to those unexposed (95% CI: 1.11 – 1.70), which was not influenced by age, geographical location, or study year.…”
Objectives
To examine the presence of a dose-response relationship between work hours and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a representative sample of U.S. workers.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study of 1,926 individuals from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1986–2011) employed for at least 10 years. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to estimate the dose-response relationship of work hours with CVD.
Results
A dose-response relationship was observed in which an average workweek of 46 hours or more for at least 10 years was associated with increased risk of CVD. Compared to working 45 hours per week, working an additional 10 hours per week or more for at least 10 years increased CVD risk by at least 16%.
Conclusions
Working more than 45 work hours per week for at least 10 years may be an independent risk factor for CVD.
“…Of those, 7 met the inclusion criteria. An additional 552 articles were found from cross-referencing procedures and citations screened from Web of Science, of which 5 were not identified earlier and met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 12 eligible studies altogether (13, 14, 55–64). Figure 1.Search strategy for published observational studies on the association between long working hours and coronary heart disease.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Five studies included Japanese participants (13, 14, 59–61), 2 studies were from the United States (55, 57), and there was 1 study from each of the following countries: Denmark (63), Finland (62), the Netherlands (58), Sweden (56), and the United Kingdom (64) (Table 1). Publication year ranged from 1958 to 2010.…”
The authors aggregated the results of observational studies examining the association between long working hours and coronary heart disease (CHD). Data sources used were MEDLINE (through January 19, 2011) and Web of Science (through March 14, 2011). Two investigators independently extracted results from eligible studies. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic, and the possibility of publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot and Egger's test for small-study effects. Twelve studies were identified (7 case-control, 4 prospective, and 1 cross-sectional). For a total of 22,518 participants (2,313 CHD cases), the minimally adjusted relative risk of CHD for long working hours was 1.80 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42, 2.29), and in the maximally (multivariate-) adjusted analysis the relative risk was 1.59 (95% CI: 1.23, 2.07). The 4 prospective studies produced a relative risk of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.72), while the corresponding relative risk in the 7 case-control studies was 2.43 (95% CI: 1.81, 3.26). Little evidence of publication bias but relatively large heterogeneity was observed. Studies varied in size, design, measurement of exposure and outcome, and adjustments. In conclusion, results from prospective observational studies suggest an approximately 40% excess risk of CHD in employees working long hours.
“…Russek et al reported that occupational stress, including long hours of work, was evident in 91% of patients aged <40 years with coronary heart disease, this percentage being 4.6 times higher than that in the normal control group 18) . In addition, Buell et al analyzed 3 years worth of data for occupational deaths in California and found that the risk of mortality due to coronary artery disease among workers aged less than 45 years increased when they worked 48 hours or longer per week 19) .…”
Associations of Work Hours and Actual Availability of Weekly Rest Days with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Osamu ITANI, et al. Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine—
Objectives
The aim of study was to determine the associations of work hours and actual availability of weekly rest days with the onset of lifestyle‐related diseases such as obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and hyperglycemia.
Methods
For this longitudinal study, we used data from checkups conducted in 1999 and 2006 for 30,194 men who worked for a local public institution in Japan. We calculated the cumulative incidence rates of onset of obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol over this 7‐year period and performed a χ2test to determine the association between the above diseases and work conditions (work hours and actual availability of weekly rest days) at the time of the baseline survey. We then performed multiple logistic regression analysis of the diseases that showed significant associations.
Results
The adjusted odds ratio for the onset of hypertriglyceridemia in subjects who worked ≥9 hours was high (1.11 [95% CI: 1.02−1.22], p=0.02) in comparison with those who worked <9 hours. The adjusted odds ratio for the onset of hypertriglyceridemia in subjects who could not often take weekly rest days was high (1.13 [95% CI: 1.01−1.27], p=0.03) in comparison with those who were able to take most of the available weekly rest days off work.
Conclusions
These results show that work hours and actual availability of weekly rest days independently predict the onset of hypertriglyceridemia. Working only regular hours and taking advantage of weekly rest days can contribute to the prevention of hypertriglyceridemia.
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