Relative Potentials of Domestic Animals for Zooprophylaxis against Mosquito Vectors of Encephalitis

Hess, A. D.; Hayes, Richard O.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.327

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…tarsalis for doves as the source of blood meals from Colorado. 74,75 The potential role that doves play in enzootic cycling of WNV is unclear. The reservoir competence value, expressed as the duration and magnitude of infectious-level viremias, has been reported to be relatively low for the mourning dove 7,68,76 ; however, this species has been shown to be frequently infected with the virus in nature and could be zooprophylactic by diverting host-seeking mosquitoes from competent host species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector-Host Interactions Governing Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Southern California

Molaei¹,

Cummings²,

Su³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Southern California remains an important focus of West Nile virus (WNV) activity, with persistently elevated incidence after invasion by the virus in 2003 and subsequent amplification to epidemic levels in 2004. Eco-epidemiological studies of vectors-hosts-pathogen interactions are of paramount importance for better understanding of the transmission dynamics of WNV and other emerging mosquito-borne arboviruses. We investigated vector-host interactions and host-feeding patterns of 531 blood-engorged mosquitoes in four competent mosquito vectors by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method targeting mitochondrial DNA to identify vertebrate hosts of blood-fed mosquitoes. Diagnostic testing by cell culture, real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR, and immunoassays were used to examine WNV infection in blood-fed mosquitoes, mosquito pools, dead birds, and mammals. Prevalence of WNV antibodies among wild birds was estimated by using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analyses of engorged Culex quinquefasciatus revealed that this mosquito species acquired 88.4% of the blood meals from avian and 11.6% from mammalian hosts, including humans. Similarly, Culex tarsalis fed 82% on birds and 18% on mammals. Culex erythrothorax fed on both birds (59%) and mammals (41%). In contrast, Culex stigmatosoma acquired all blood meals from avian hosts. House finches and a few other mostly passeriform birds served as the main hosts for the blood-seeking mosquitoes. Evidence of WNV infection was detected in mosquito pools, wild birds, dead birds, and mammals, including human fatalities during the study period. Our results emphasize the important role of house finches and several other passeriform birds in the maintenance and amplification of WNV in southern California, with Cx. quinquefasciatus acting as both the principal enzootic and “bridge vector” responsible for the spillover of WNV to humans. Other mosquito species, such as Cx. tarsalis and Cx. stigmatosoma, are important but less widely distributed, and also contribute to spatial and temporal transmission of WNV in southern California.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector-Host Interactions Governing Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Southern California

Molaei¹,

Cummings²,

Su³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Only one species of trematode uses P. antipodarum as intermediate host in Europe (Zbikowski and Zbikowska 2009) and its incidence is very low (3.3%). However, this can have a positive indirect effect on native fauna, as adding a new potential resistant host species can alter the native host-parasite interaction by the ''zooprophylaxis'' or ''dilution effect'' of the invasive species (Hess and Hayes 1970;Kopp and Jokela 2007).…”

Section: What Makes P Antipodarum a Successful Invadermentioning

confidence: 99%

The exotic aquatic mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca): state of the art of a worldwide invasion

Alonso

Castro‐Díez

2012

Aquat Sci

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“…The basic idea arose within the discipline of malaria epidemiology (Macdonald, 1956) and was absorbed into ecology (Elton, 1958); because vertebrate species are differentially competent to support the transmission of various vector-borne pathogens, the distribution of arthropod vectors amongst different host species will have an impact on the transmission potential (R 0 value) of the pathogens. This is the basis for 2 related but distinct phenomena: zooprophylaxis -active or passive use of animals to divert vector bites away from humans to protect the latter against infection (Hess and Hayes, 1970); and the dilution effect -lowering the abundance of infected vectors by diluting the assemblage of competent hosts with non-competent hosts and thereby reducing the probability that a vector feeds on a transmissioncompetent host. It is important, although empirically difficult, to distinguish between these outcomes as effects simply of reduced density, rather than of reduced relative abundance, of the competent host species (Begon, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pangloss revisited: a critique of the dilution effect and the biodiversity-buffers-disease paradigm

2012

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SUMMARYThe twin concepts of zooprophylaxis and the dilution effect originated with vector-borne diseases (malaria), were driven forward by studies on Lyme borreliosis and have now developed into the mantra “biodiversity protects against disease”. The basic idea is that by diluting the assemblage of transmission-competent hosts with non-competent hosts, the probability of vectors feeding on transmission-competent hosts is reduced and so the abundance of infected vectors is lowered. The same principle has recently been applied to other infectious disease systems – tick-borne, insect-borne, indirectly transmitted via intermediate hosts, directly transmitted. It is claimed that the presence of extra species of various sorts, acting through a variety of distinct mechanisms, causes the prevalence of infectious agents to decrease. Examination of the theoretical and empirical evidence for this hypothesis reveals that it applies only in certain circumstances even amongst tick-borne diseases, and even less often if considering the correct metric – abundance rather than prevalence of infected vectors. Whether dilution or amplification occurs depends more on specific community composition than on biodiversityper se. We warn against raising a straw man, an untenable argument easily dismantled and dismissed. The intrinsic value of protecting biodiversity and ecosystem function outweighs this questionable utilitarian justification.

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Relative Potentials of Domestic Animals for Zooprophylaxis against Mosquito Vectors of Encephalitis

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Vector-Host Interactions Governing Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Southern California

Vector-Host Interactions Governing Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Southern California

The exotic aquatic mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca): state of the art of a worldwide invasion

Pangloss revisited: a critique of the dilution effect and the biodiversity-buffers-disease paradigm

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