Relationships between the parasites of some wild and cultured fishes in two lakes and a fish farm in central Finland

Valtonen, E. T.; Koskivaara, M.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(94)90064-7

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This is in accordance with an earlier finding demonstrating that the immune functions are impaired in roach originating from the contaminated Lake Vatia (Jokinen et al 1995). In previous studies from the same area, a similar explanation was suggested for the increase of the ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, infection (Valtonen and Koskivaara 1994) and the increase in Dactylogyrus species communities (Koskivaara et al 1991) in roach from contaminated Lake Vatia. Moreover, Barker et al (1994) reported that the prevalence and intensity of metacercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua on the fins and …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiological parameters of roach (Rutilus rutilus) infected by the digenean Rhipidocotyle fennica

Jeney¹,

Valtonen²,

Jeney³

et al. 2002

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract. Physiological parameters were measured after experimental infection of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) with Rhipidocotyle fennica Gibson, Valtonen et Taskinen, 1992 (Digenea) cercariae. The fish were caught from two lakes: a eutrophic bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME)-contaminated lake and an oligotrophic unpolluted lake. The intensity of infection was followed up to 10 days post infection (p.i.) and physiological parameters indicating non-specific stress responses and the condition of fish were examined simultaneously. The mean abundance, the number of parasites per fish, of R. fennica was significantly higher in the fish from the contaminated water during the first two days p.i., probably reflecting the decreased resistance of these fish to infection. The decrease of leukocrit, as well as the increase of the activity of transaminases (GOT and GPT) in infected fish of both groups are suggestive of pathological processes caused by cercariae penetrating the fish. A significantly lower leukocrit value, as well as higher alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma chloride levels were noted in fish originating from the contaminated lake compared to those from the unpolluted lake. No significant differences were noted in haematocrit, plasma protein and calcium values between the fish from the uncontaminated and contaminated lakes, or between the infected and uninfected control fish.Chlorophenols, fatty acids and resin acids are the main acutely toxic and bioaccumulating compounds in bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME). Resin acids, like dehydroabietic acid, are released in both chemical and mechanical pulping Holmbom 1986, Granberg 1992). Inorganic nutrients from debarking cause eutrophication and organic compounds are also released, such as sugars and lignins which increase the biological oxygen demand load (Pajula and Matinvesi 1984). BKME has a wide range of effects in fish living in contaminated water areas. Typical symptoms in fish include reduced gonad growth, delayed maturity, liver enlargement, enhanced growth and strong induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase) activity in addition to fin erosion and operculum deformities (reviewed by Tana and Lehtinen 1996). The immunological response of roach is impaired also due to BKME. Jokinen et al. (1995) found that serum immunoglobulin levels decreased significantly in two months in roach transferred to the contaminated Lake Vatia when compared to the fish kept in unpolluted Lake Peurunka. In addition, in immunised roach, the antibody secreting cell response was lower and antibody titres increased more slowly in the exposed fish indicating a weakened response to the antigen after subchronic exposure of roach to BKME. Jeney et al. (1996) found decreased lymphocyte numbers in blood of roach collected from contaminated Lake Vatia when compared with roach from uncontaminated Lake Peurunka. In Central Finland a massinfection with larvae of the digenean trematode, Rhipidocotyle fennica Gibson, Valtonen et Taskinen, 1992...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiological parameters of roach (Rutilus rutilus) infected by the digenean Rhipidocotyle fennica

Jeney¹,

Valtonen²,

Jeney³

et al. 2002

FOLIA PARASIT

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“…We would maintain, however, that the main reason should be sought in the water intake, as the water at that farm comes straight from a large river. It has been shown that roach may even have 100% I. multifiliis infection in July in polluted eutrophic lakes (Valtonen & Koskivaara 1994). The large river from which Farm B takes its water has sparse populations of cyprinids compared with eutrophic lakes, while Farm A takes its water from a small eutrophic lake with a high cyprinid density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Rintamäki-Kinnunen¹,

Rahkonen²,

Mannermaa-Keränen³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Since the use of malachite green was banned in many European countries, new alternative treatments have been tested to prevent white spot disease caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. We tested formalin, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and Per Aqua or Desirox alone or in combinations of 2 chemicals, one of which was always formalin, in 50 m 2 concrete tanks at 2 farms producing salmon Salmo salar smolt in 2001 and 2002. Both Per Aqua and Desirox are combinations of peracetic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The alternative chemicals or their combinations can be used successfully to lower the parasite burden to such a level that no high mortality occurs during the first 4 wk after the start of an infection. This period of time allows the fish to develop immunity against these ciliates, and treatments can be reduced and stopped in due course. I. multifiliis decreased in number 3 to 4 wk after the beginning of the infection in all the treatments. Large differences in parasite burden and mortality occurred among the replicates in all except the Desirox-formalin tanks, which means that they are not as reliable as the malachite green-formalin used previously. It was also evident that the chemicals and their concentrations must be planned carefully to suit the conditions on each farm. KEY WORDS: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis · Salmo salar · Fish farming · Immunity · Alternative chemicalsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…There are 2 potential sources of the infection at first feeding: directly from the eggs at hatching (cf. Houghton & Bennett 1982) or from waterborne parasites (Bauer 1959, Hlond 1963, Zitnan & Cankovic 1970, Wootten & Smith 1980, Valtonen & Koskivaara 1994. Houghton & Bennett (1982) found Ichthyobodo infections on rainbow trout eggs, and considered it likely that these were the source of subsequent infections and ichthyobodosis in the fry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild fish in lakes and rivers may act as reser-voirs of parasites, infecting hatchery-reared salmonids via the inlet water. Parasite interactions between wild and farmed salmonids have been studied (Wootten & Smith 1980, Valtonen & Koskivaara 1994, but there are no descriptions or detection of Ichthyobodo spp. from wild fish in these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Ichthyobodo necator sensu stricto infections on hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway

Isaksen¹,

Karlsbakk²,

Sundnes³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Infection patterns with ectoparasitic flagellates belonging to the genus Ichthyobodo were studied in an Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (L.) hatchery in western Norway during an 11 mo period, from eyed eggs to smoltification. Since the earlier species designation Ichthyobodo necator (sensu lato, s.l.) has been shown to represent a complex of several species, the epizootiology of different Ichthyobodo spp. is poorly known. Therefore, we employed molecular methods to ascertain the specific identity of the parasites detected in our study. Only I. necator in the recently redefined and restricted sense occurred (I. necator sensu stricto, s.s.). We observed a 2-peak pattern of infection; the first peak occurred among fry in March and the second peak among fingerlings and pre-smolt in August and September. Skin lesions observed on fingerlings and pre-smolt were significantly associated with Ichthyobodo infections. Also, these infections were negatively correlated with both haematocrit values (Hct) and the condition factor (K) of the fish. The patterns of infection on the farmed salmon suggest that I. necator s.s. is an opportunistic parasite of salmon, flourishing in periods when susceptible hosts are present and the environment favours parasite proliferation. Our study is the first to detect and identify I. necator s.s. on wild-caught adult salmonids (brown trout S. trutta L.). Wild salmonids and sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.) caught in the lakes serving as a water supply to the hatchery were found infected with I. necator s.s., hence these are the likely sources of parasites entering the hatchery via the inlet water.KEY WORDS: Ichthyobodo necator · Salmon · Ichthyobodonidae · Fresh water · Epizootiology · SSU rDNA · Parasite · Ichthyobodosis Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 88: [207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214] 2010 voirs of parasites, infecting hatchery-reared salmonids via the inlet water. Parasite interactions between wild and farmed salmonids have been studied (Wootten & Smith 1980, Valtonen & Koskivaara 1994, but there are no descriptions or detection of Ichthyobodo spp. from wild fish in these studies.The purpose of the present study was to examine the acquisition and progress of Ichthyobodo spp. infections on hatchery-reared juvenile salmon through a production cycle in Norway, identify the Ichthyobodo species involved and disclose natural hosts in the water source. MATERIALS AND METHODSJuvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from a single cohort were sampled from a hatchery in western Norway (60°11' 24'' N, 5°45' 50'' E). The hatchery receives water from a lake connected to a larger lake through a short channel. Anadromous salmonids are prevented from entering these lakes by a dam. Brown trout Salmo trutta (L.), Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.), threespined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), and eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) are native to the lakes, but Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum escaped...

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Relationships between the parasites of some wild and cultured fishes in two lakes and a fish farm in central Finland

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiological parameters of roach (Rutilus rutilus) infected by the digenean Rhipidocotyle fennica

Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiological parameters of roach (Rutilus rutilus) infected by the digenean Rhipidocotyle fennica

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Patterns of Ichthyobodo necator sensu stricto infections on hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway

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