Relationship of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder With Bipolar Disorder

The Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy on Dysfunctionalities in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

“…Studies have shown that while 75% of women in their reproductive years are affected by premenstrual symptoms (Kulkarni et al, 2022), between 5 to 8% suffer from severe forms of the disorder, impacting 3 to 8% of women per menstrual cycle (Acikgoz et al, 2017;Erbil & Yücesoy, 2023). The definition of PMDD varies in terms of timing, types, and severity of symptoms (Montazeri et al, 2019;Sharma et al, 2022). For instance, the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases by the World Health P E-ISSN: 3041-8798…”

“…Organization refers to PMDD as a term that includes any premenstrual symptoms such as tension or migraines, irrespective of their type or severity (Sao et al, 2020). PMDD can disrupt the normal lives of women for several days (Sharma et al, 2022). Studies have indicated that individuals experiencing premenstrual disorders show higher levels of emotional dysregulation (Wu et al, 2016), feelings of loneliness, dysfunctional attitudes, and lower tolerance for psychological distress compared to those who do not experience these disorders (Maddineshat et al, 2016;Ussher & Perz, 2017).…”

“…A range of biopsychomedical interventions such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and hormonal treatments are employed (Sharma et al, 2022); although these may reduce premenstrual symptoms, none address the complex underlying mechanisms of premenstrual distress and discomfort (Kulkarni et al, 2022). Consequently, psychological and non-pharmacological treatments have been developed to improve and alleviate the symptoms of premenstrual disorders, including metacognitive therapy (Puthusserry & Delariarte, 2023).…”

Bipolar Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

“…T he article "Relationship of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder With Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review" by Sharma and colleagues 1 in this issue details the challenging issues involved with making a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in women with bipolar disorder (BD). The differentiation between the premenstrual exacerbation of an underlying disorder versus the comorbidity of PMDD with an underlying disorder (treated or untreated) is difficult for clinicians and patients.…”