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The intervention was simple, and improved quality of life after other treatment avenues for these participants were exhausted.

Objective: An association between endometriosis and psychiatric disturbances has been identified by some researchers. The purpose of this systematic review was to consolidate existing empirical findings to clarify the association between endometriosis and psychiatric conditions .

Pregnant and postpartum women are more likely to experience OCD compared to the general population.

A symbolic delayed matching procedure may be used to study memory for stimulus duration in pigeons. Short and long presentations of a light sample stimulus are mapped onto the choice of visually differentiated comparison keys. When delay is varied in such a symbolic delayed matching procedure, pigeons show increasing preference for the short-sample key as the delay becomes longer (choose-short effect), even after a long sample stimulus has been presented. Two theoretical explanations of the choose-short effect are suggested. A subjective shortening model holds that the choose-short effect arises from progressive shortening of the memory of stimulus duration as the delay proceeds. An alternative coding model suggests that the choose-short effect arises from stimulus generalization after an initial response instruction to peck the long-sample key has been forgotten. These two models were tested by training pigeons to peck a third comparison key after no sample stimulus had been presented. Shifts in key preferences over delays ranging from 0 to 21 sec clearly supported the coding model.In recent articles on short-term memory for stimulus duration, a choose-short effect has been found with both rats (Church, 1980;S. Roberts, 1982) and pigeons (Spetch & Wilkie, 1982, 1983. For example, Church required rats to press one lever if a 2-sec (short) signal had been presented and another lever if an 8-sec (long) signal had been presented. When the retention interval between the time signal and the opportunity to press a lever was increased to 32 sec, accuracy was low and animals showed a preferencefor the lever associated withthe 2-sec stimulus (choose-short effect). In a further experiment, Church extended the retention intervalto 8 sec and varied the duration of the time signal over a number of values. The function relatingchoice of the long responseto signalduration tended to flattenat the 8-sec retention interval, but the point of subjective equality (PSE) did not change as the retention interval increased to 8 sec. Church argued that had the memory of a time duration gradually shortened through the resetting of an internal clock over the retention interval, the PSE shouldhave increased withthe retention interval. He concludedthat rats forgot time duration on a nontime dimension and that the choose-short effect represented a guessing bias.In similarexperiments with pigeons, Spetch and Wilkie trainedbirds to performa delayed symbolic matching task in which pecking one comparison key was rewarded following a 2-secsample stimulus and pecking a second comparison key was rewarded following a lO-sec sample Support for this research was provided by Grant A7894 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Requests for reprints should be sent to William A. Roberts. Departmentof Psychology. University of Western Ontario. London. Ontario. Canada N6A 5C2.stimulus. As the delay following the samplestimulus was extended, pigeons showed better retention of the short stimulus thanof the long stimulus. In other ...

Emerging research suggests that a relationship exists between breastfeeding and postpartum depression; however, the direction and precise nature of this relationship are not yet clear. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depression as it has been examined in the empirical literature. Also, the potential mechanisms of action that have been implicated in this relationship are also explored. PubMed and PsycINFO were searched using the keywords: breastfeeding with postpartum depression, perinatal depression, postnatal depression. Results of this search showed that researchers have examined this relationship in diverse ways using diverse methodology. In particular, researchers have examined the relationships between postpartum depression and breastfeeding intention, initiation, duration, and dose. Due to a number of methodological differences among past studies we make some recommendations for future research that will better facilitate an integration of findings. Future research should (1) use standardized assessment protocols; (2) confirm diagnosis through established clinical interview when possible; (3) provide a clear operationalized definition for breastfeeding variables; (4) clearly define the postpartum period interval assessed and time frame for onset of symptoms; (5) be prospective or longitudinal in nature; and (6) take into consideration other potential risk factors identified in the empirical literature.

The POAM-P has excellent psychometric properties and may be useful in clinical practice to identify activity patterns associated with poorer functioning and to evaluate interventions intended to modify these activity patterns. The present results support previous findings linking avoidance and various negative outcomes. These results also provide evidence that pacing may be related to positive outcomes after treatment.