Relationship Between Vitamin A and β-Carotene in Blood Plasma and Milk and Mastitis in Holsteins

Chew, Boon P.; Hollen, L.L.; Hillers, J.K.; Herlugson, M. L.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(82)82469-7

Cited by 87 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The changes in serum retinoid levels may either have an important causal relationship with the outcome or may simply represent secondary phenomena. The former suggestion would provide a strong argument for the supplementation of vitamin A in dairy cows during the peripartum period, as it may reduce the incidence and severity of mammary infections (Chew et al, 1982;Johnston and Chew, 1984;Oldham et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-trans Retinoic Acid Is Increased in the Acute Phase-Related Hyporetinemia During Escherichia coli Mastitis

Merris

Meyer

Duchateau

et al. 2004

Journal of Dairy Science

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Blood vitamin A profiles, including concentrations of retinol and its active metabolite retinoic acid, were assessed during the peripartum period and during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in heifers. Serum retinol decreased in all animals in the immediate postpartum period and normalized within 1 wk after parturition. No significant changes were detectable in the concentrations of retinoic acid isomers during puerperium. Following intramammary E. coli infusion, all cows showed moderate symptoms of systemic disease besides the local signs of inflammation. The presence of a systemic acute-phase reaction was documented by fever, increase in serum amyloid A, and decrease in serum albumin. Retinol concentration in serum also decreased spectacularly during coliform mastitis, and the decline was clearly related to the timing of the acute-phase response. Moreover, a significant increase of all-trans retinoic acid, mirrored by a lowering of 13-cis retinoic acid, was detected during the same time period. The 9-cis isomer of retinoic acid was present in all samples, but it remained below the quantification limit.Results confirmed the decrease in serum retinol during the peripartum period of dairy cows. Furthermore, the study established that profound changes in vitamin A metabolism occur during the acute-phase reaction of coliform mastitis in heifers. The bovine infection model reproduced the acute phase-related hyporetinemia, as previously observed in humans and rats. In addition, all-trans retinoic acid was found to be the most abundant circulating acid isomer during mastitis, providing an indication for a possible key role of all-trans retinoic acid in the modulation of the immune response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-trans Retinoic Acid Is Increased in the Acute Phase-Related Hyporetinemia During Escherichia coli Mastitis

Merris

Meyer

Duchateau

et al. 2004

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…In dairy cows, β-carotene plays a role in enhancing host defense mechanisms by lymphocyte and phagocyte functions, similar to vitamin A, and decreases incidence of mastitis [65] and retained placenta [66]. In addition, it functions independently of vitamin A in the reproductive performance of dairy cows, and the positive relationship between supplemental β-carotene and reproductive performance has been shown in many studies and reviewed during the past decades.…”

Section: The Change Of Nutritional Status During the Peripartum Periomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Factors That Regulate Ovulation of the Dominant Follicle During the First Follicular Wave Postpartum in High-producing Dairy Cows

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During recent decades, milk production per cow has increased drastically due to improved management, nutrition, and genetic selection; however, the reproductive performance of high-producing dairy cows has been declining. One of the factors responsible for this low reproductive performance is negative energy balance (NEB). NEB affects the onset of first ovulation in early postpartum cows. It is generally accepted that early first ovulation positively relates to the resumption of normal ovarian function, first service, and conception rate in dairy cows. Hence, delayed first ovulation has a negative impact on subsequent fertility. The metabolic condition of cows in NEB shifts to catabolic metabolism, which in turn causes increased plasma growth hormone and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, and glucose concentrations. On the other hand, plasma β-carotene concentrations decrease throughout the dry period and reach their nadir in about the first week postpartum, and this change reflects energy balance during the peripartum period. β-Carotene plays a role independently of vitamin A in the reproductive performance of dairy cows, and the positive relationship between supplemental β-carotene and reproductive function has been demonstrated in many studies during the past decades. However, β-carotene content in corn silage, which is a popular main feed in high-producing dairy cows, is very low. This review describes nutritional factors related to ovulation during the first follicular wave postpartum in dairy cows. Keywords: β-Carotene, Dairy cow, First follicular wave postpartum, First ovulation, Metabolic hormone (J. Reprod. Dev. 58: [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] 2012) M ilk production per cow has steadily increased due to improved management and genetic selection. In the United States, the milk yield in Holstein cows has increased by approximately 20% in the last 10 years [1]. In Hokkaido, Japan, the milk yield in Holstein cows has increased from 7,114 kg/305 days in 1985 to 9,053 kg/305 days in 2008 (Livestock Improvement Association of Japan). However, reproductive efficiency (e.g., calving interval, services per conception) has declined with the increase in milk production. [5]. Therefore, modern high-producing dairy cows have lower reproductive performance compared to those in the preceding decades.Although nutritional management has improved for high milk production, modern high-producing dairy cows undergo a period of severe negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation. Because energy output via milk production exceeds energy intake via feed consumption, postpartum dairy cows have to resume normal ovarian cycles under NEB to optimize fertility during the postpartum period. However, recent reports in the scientific literature confirm trends for significantly longer intervals to first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows [6,7].It is generally accepted that cows with early resumption of ovarian function have higher fertility [8][9][1...

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“…Although xanthophylls, mainly lutein, account for the main carotenoid in forages, ß-carotene is the main carotenoid deposited in bovine tissues [27] and milk [11,15]. Many studies on ß-carotene in bovines have been conducted to improve fertility [2] or reduce reproductive disorders [18] and mammary infections [6,7]. Furthermore, since the amount of ß-carotene deposited in adipose tissue and/or secreted in milk fat varies widely according to the carotenoid content in the feed, it plays a role in the sensorial and nutritional value of the final carcass and dairy products [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of mountain grassland maturity stage and grazing management on carotenoids in sward and cow's milk

et al. 2006

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-Carotenoids are involved in the sensorial and nutritional values of dairy products. In grazing systems, both herbage maturity stage and grazing management may affect the amount of carotenoid ingested, thus these factors may affect carotenoid concentrations in milk. Two homogenous plots of mountain grassland (1.4 and 2.0 ha) were grazed during two cycles of growth by 6 dairy cows in mid lactation, in strip (SG) and rotational grazing (RG), respectively. We monitored the changes in carotenoid concentrations in sward and milk, measured by HPLC twice a week. Seven carotenoids were identified in the sward: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, epilutein, lutein, zeaxanthin, ß-carotene and 13-cis ß-carotene. Forage quality decreased throughout the course of the first growth stage, but carotenoid concentration in sward did not significantly change. In early regrowth, forage quality was high and the concentration of ß-carotene and xanthophylls also tended to be higher. Carotenoid concentrations in sward were not affected by grazing management, averaging 350 µg per g DM. The carotenoids identified in milk were β-carotene (75%) and lutein (25%). A significant decrease in ß-carotene concentration in milk was observed throughout the course of the first growth stage, from 5.37 to 3.87 µg per g fat, whereas it increased to 4.91 µg per g fat in early regrowth. β-carotene concentration in milk was not affected by grazing management, averaging 4.72 and 5.03 µg per g fat for RG and SG, respectively. However, lutein concentration was slightly lower for RG than for SG, averaging 1.39 and 1.74 µg per g fat, respectively. It is concluded that carotenoids in milk were only slightly affected by herbage maturity stage, and to a lesser extent by grazing management. caroténoïdes du lait pourraient dépendre du stade de l'herbe et du mode de pâturage, qui conditionnent la quantité et la qualité de l'ingéré. Pour valider cette hypothèse, deux prairies naturelles de montagne homogènes, de 1,4 et 2,0 ha, ont été exploitées par 6 vaches en milieu de lactation, en pâturage tournant rapide (SG) et lent (RG), respectivement, pendant deux cycles de végétation. Nous avons suivi l'évolution des teneurs en caroténoides de l'herbe et du lait, déterminées par HPLC sur deux prélèvements par semaines. Dans l'herbe, sept caroténoïdes ont été identifiés : violaxanthine, anthéraxanthine, épilutéine, lutéine, zéaxanthine, ß-carotène et 13-cis ß-carotène. Au cours du premier cycle de végétation, la valeur nutritive de l'herbe a fortement diminué, mais sa teneur en caroténoïdes n'a pas été significativement modifiée. Les teneurs en ß-carotène et xanthophylles et la valeur nutritive de l'herbe étaient les plus élevées au début du deuxième cycle. La concentration en caroténoïdes de l'herbe n'a pas été affectée par le mode de pâturage, et était en moyenne de 350 µg par g MS. Dans le lait, les caroténoïdes identifiés ont été le ß-carotène (75 %) et la lutéine (25 %). La concentration en ß-carotène dans le lait a diminué significativement de 5,37 à 3,87 µg par g M...

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Relationship Between Vitamin A and β-Carotene in Blood Plasma and Milk and Mastitis in Holsteins

Cited by 87 publications

References 17 publications

All-trans Retinoic Acid Is Increased in the Acute Phase-Related Hyporetinemia During Escherichia coli Mastitis

All-trans Retinoic Acid Is Increased in the Acute Phase-Related Hyporetinemia During Escherichia coli Mastitis

Nutritional Factors That Regulate Ovulation of the Dominant Follicle During the First Follicular Wave Postpartum in High-producing Dairy Cows

Effects of mountain grassland maturity stage and grazing management on carotenoids in sward and cow's milk

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