Relationship between urine pH and abnormal glucose tolerance in a community‐based study

Abstract

Aims/IntroductionThe association between urine pH and abnormal glucose tolerance in men and women is unclear; therefore, we carried out a community‐based, cross‐sectional study to investigate sex‐specific associations between these values, possible indicators of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled 4,945 Japanese individuals (2,490 men and 2,455 women), who had undergone annual health checkups. To investigate the relationship between low urine pH and abnormal glucose tolerance, participants were divided into three groups based on their fasting plasma glucose levels (<6.11 mmol/L, 6.11–6.99 mmol/L and ≥6.99 mmol/L), and three groups based on their glycated hemoglobin levels (≤44.3 mmol/mol, 44.3–47.5 mmol/mol and ≥47.5 mmol/mol). To examine the effects of urine pH on abnormal glucose tolerance, participants were categorized into five groups based on their urine pH (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and ≥7.0).ResultsMultivariate analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine and antidiabetic agent use showed significant associations between low urine pH and both high fasting plasma glucose and high glycated hemoglobin levels (P for trend = 0.0260, 0.0075) in men. Furthermore, after the same adjustments, prevalence rates of abnormal glucose tolerance (≥6.11 mmol/L and ≥6.99 mmol/L), increased significantly as urine pH levels decreased (P for trend = 0.0483, 0.0181) in men. In women, a similar trend was observed without a significant difference.ConclusionsLow urine pH is significantly associated with abnormal glucose tolerance; therefore, measuring urine pH might prove useful for identifying patients at high risk for diabetes.

Low urine pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus during a 10‐year period in men: BOREAS‐DM1 study

“…The present study using a large number of participants (n = 12,476, men/women: 8,027/4,449) who received an annual health checkup showed that a low level of U-pH was significantly associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus development during a 10-year period in men who had no diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease at baseline. It has been reported that a low level of U-pH is associated with several metabolic disorders [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] . A previous study showed an association between low U-pH and new onset of diabetes mellitus in men 22 , similar to results of the present study.…”

“…It has been shown that U-pH is inversely correlated with bodyweight and body mass index (BMI) [10][11][12] . A low level of U-pH has also been reported to be associated with metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome 13,14 , insulin resistance 15,16 , impaired glucose tolerance 17 , diabetes mellitus 18 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 19,20 . In a longitudinal analysis, a low level of U-pH was shown to be a risk factor for new onset of metabolic syndrome in a 5-year period 21 .…”

The association between urine pH and abnormal glucose tolerance in adults

“…Insulin physiologically stimulates NH4 production and secretion. In the case of insulin resistance, this production and secretion of the proximal tubules is impaired (28). Metabolic acidosis increases cortisol secretion by stimulating glucocorticoid synthesis, increased cortisol production causes insulin resistance, and increased visceral obesity.…”

Printed pH Sensors for Textile‐Based Wearables: A Conceptual and Experimental Study on Materials, Deposition Technology, and Sensing Principles

“…Sweat is such a biofluid and normal sweat has a pH in the range of pH 4.5-6.8. [1] It is possible to track dehydration [2,3] or risk of diabetes [4] and detect cystic fibrosis [5] with the pH readings of perspiration/sputum/urine.Similarly, wound healing is a complex dynamic and multifaceted process consisting of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling stages. [6] During these different stages, the wound fluid pH could vary between 4.5 and 8.5, [7,8] depending on the type of wound and its complexities in healing.…”

“…Sweat is such a biofluid and normal sweat has a pH in the range of pH 4.5-6.8. [1] It is possible to track dehydration [2,3] or risk of diabetes [4] and detect cystic fibrosis [5] with the pH readings of perspiration/sputum/urine.…”