Low urine pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus during a 10‐year period in men: BOREAS‐DM1 study

Abstract

Aims/Introduction A low level of urine pH (U‐pH) has been reported to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between the incidence of diabetes mellitus and U‐pH has not yet been fully addressed. Materials and Methods We investigated the relationship between U‐pH and the development of diabetes mellitus during a 10‐year period in a general population of individuals who received annual health examinations in 2006 ( n = 28,990). After exclusion of individuals with missing data, and those with diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease at baseline, a total of 12,476 individuals (men/women: 8,027/4,449) who received health examinations at least once during the period from 2007 to 2016 were recruited. The recruited individuals were divided into four groups according to their U‐pH levels: groups of U‐pH ≤5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and ≥6.5. Results During a 10‐year period, 521 men (6.5%) and 132 women (3.0%) had new onset of diabetes mellitus. The cumulative incidence of diabetes mellitus was 7.5% (men/women: 9.3%/4.4%) per 100 person‐years. The hazard ratios (HRs) in the U‐pH ≤5.0 (HR 1.93) and U‐pH 5.5 groups (HR 1.46) were significantly higher than that in the U‐pH ≥6.5 group as a reference for men, but not for women. After adjustment of age, obesity, fasting glucose, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, family history of diabetes mellitus, and use of drugs for hypertension and dyslipidemia, HR in the U‐pH ≤5.0 group (HR 1.39) was significantly higher than that in the U‐pH ≥6.5 group for men, but not for women. Conclusions Low U‐pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus in a general population of men.

Association of the plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity with the metabolic parameters and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes

“…The plasma XOR activity levels of type 2 diabetes patients in the current study was higher than reported levels in Japanese general population 14 , 23 . In this study, the plasma XOR activity showed no correlation with the fasting glucose level or percent HbA1c in the patients with type 2 diabetes.…”

“…Since hypoxanthine is a precursor of xanthine, this association between hypoxanthine and xanthine might be easy to conceive. Significant associations between the plasma levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine, and between the plasma xanthine and XOR activity were also reported by another study conducted in the general population 23 . The plasma XOR activity and xanthine levels, but not the plasma hypoxanthine level, were correlated with the BMI, unlike the results of a previous study 23 .…”

“…Significant associations between the plasma levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine, and between the plasma xanthine and XOR activity were also reported by another study conducted in the general population 23 . The plasma XOR activity and xanthine levels, but not the plasma hypoxanthine level, were correlated with the BMI, unlike the results of a previous study 23 . Hypoxanthine is a known marker of hypoxia 24 , 25 and a recent study revealed that hypoxanthine secretion from the adipose tissue increases in response to local hypoxia 26 .…”

High level of fatty liver index predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus during a 10-year period in healthy subjects

“…A total of 28,990 subjects who received annual medical checkups at Keijinkai Maruyama Clinic, Sapporo, Japan in 2006 were enrolled in this registry 45 , 46 . A flow chart of the study subjects is shown in Fig.…”

Fatty liver index is independently associated with deterioration of renal function during a 10-year period in healthy subjects

“…All of subjects who received annual health examinations at Keijinkai Maruyama Clinic, Sapporo, Japan in 2006 were enrolled in this registry (n = 28,990) 48 , 49 . A flow chart of the study participants is shown in Fig.…”