Relationship between Status of Vitamin D and Adhesive Molecules Biomarkers in Saudi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D (25-OHD) has an essential protective action on vascular endothelium and endothelial dysfunction is a risk valuable marker for risk of cardiovascular disorders, which are common among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Objective: the aim of this study was to detect the link between level of vitamin D and adhesive molecules biomarkers in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods:Two hundred Saudi patients with T2DM of both sexes (132 females and 68 males), their age range was 48-59 years, the diabetes chronicity range was 9-11years and their body mass index (BMI) range was 31 to 37 Kg/m 2 . All participants received oral hypoglycemic agents e.g. metformin and/or pioglitazone and were selected from the Internal Medicine Out-patient Clinic, King Abdulaziz Teaching Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Participants with respiratory failure, hepatitis, renal failure, heart failure, pregnancy and smokers excluded from the study. According to vitamin D level, participants were assigned to one of three groups: vitamin D deficiency group (A): 25-OHD <20 ng/ml, vitamin D insufficiency group (B): 25-OHD =20-30 ng/ml and normal vitamin D group(C) 25-OHD >30 ng/ml. Results:The mean values of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin were significantly higher in vitamin D deficiency group (A) compared to vitamin D insufficiency group (B) and normal vitamin D group(C). Moreover, vitamin D showed a strong inverse relationship with VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin in the three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion:There is an association between vitamin D deficiency and abnormal levels of adhesive molecules biomarkers in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Performance of urinary vitamin D-binding protein in diabetic kidney disease: a meta-analysis

“…As mentioned earlier in this study, Sharif et al. [ 12 ] found no correlation between VDBP and diabetic nephropathy. After carefully reading their study, we found that they grouped patients based on the eGFR values, and the sample size was small; therefore, their study could not be included in the comparison of urinary VDBP among the three UACR groups.…”

“…In recent years, urinary VDBP, as an important renal tubular early damage marker in DKD, has received widespread attention, and a number of studies [ 3–11 ] have found that urinary VDBP is abnormally elevated in early DKD and can thus be used as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of DKD. However, one study found no association between VDBP and DKD [ 12 ]. Therefore, the current meta-analysis aimed to examine the role of VDBP in DKD to provide evidence-based findings for clinical practice.…”

Evaluation of MMP-9, IL-6, TNF-α levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cells genes expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in Iranian patients with coronary artery disease

“…Interestingly, low Vit-D levels are linked with increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, reduced TIMPs, elevated VCAM, and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL8, and TNF-α. 16 , 39 - 42 Recent findings have suggested that Vit-D supplementation inhibits inflammation process, VCAM activation and NF-κB pathways, although these findings are still inconclusive and more research is needed to fully understand their effects. 41 , 42 …”

“… 16 , 39 - 42 Recent findings have suggested that Vit-D supplementation inhibits inflammation process, VCAM activation and NF-κB pathways, although these findings are still inconclusive and more research is needed to fully understand their effects. 41 , 42 …”