Relationship between psychological stress and ghrelin concentrations in pregnant women with overweight or obesity

The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review

“…123 Furthermore, acute psychosocial stress exposure appears to alter circulating levels of centrally acting appetiteregulating hormones, including leptin 124,125 and ghrelin. [126][127][128] While these responses are typically adaptive and transient, they may instead synergistically act to promote cardiometabolic disease when psychosocial stressors are frequent and recurrent. 127,129,130 This hypothesis is supported by several bodies of literature illustrating that chronic psychosocial stress exposure, including exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) or social or socioeconomic stress, promotes increased lifetime risk of cardiometabolic diseases such as T2D, [131][132][133] obesity, 134,135 and cardiovascular disease.…”

“…[126][127][128] While these responses are typically adaptive and transient, they may instead synergistically act to promote cardiometabolic disease when psychosocial stressors are frequent and recurrent. 127,129,130 This hypothesis is supported by several bodies of literature illustrating that chronic psychosocial stress exposure, including exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) or social or socioeconomic stress, promotes increased lifetime risk of cardiometabolic diseases such as T2D, [131][132][133] obesity, 134,135 and cardiovascular disease. 119,131,136 The effects of chronic psychosocial stress exposure on metabolism likely also explain cardiometabolic health disparities, such as racial differences in T2D prevalence.…”

“…These effects act to increase peripheral resistance, cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, circulating inflammatory cytokines, and thrombotic factors, as well as to increase the availability of metabolic substrates, including glucose and free fatty acids, by enhancing lipolysis and gluconeogenesis and decreasing insulin sensitivity 123 . Furthermore, acute psychosocial stress exposure appears to alter circulating levels of centrally acting appetite‐regulating hormones, including leptin 124,125 and ghrelin 126–128 . While these responses are typically adaptive and transient, they may instead synergistically act to promote cardiometabolic disease when psychosocial stressors are frequent and recurrent 127,129,130 .…”