Relationship between Parenting Style and Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Elementary School Children

Abstract

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in a child with three symptoms, which include inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness that may persist into adulthood for some conditions. Parenting style is thought to be one part that determines the risk of ADHD in children. This study aims to analyse the relationship between parenting styles and the risk of ADHD in children. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, this study was conducted in Surabaya from November 2020 to January 2021. The respondents of the study were parents who had children at risk of ADHD with a total of 55 samples recruited using the purposive sampling technique. The questionnaires used are the demographic questionnaire, Abbreviated Conners Rating Scale (ACRS), and the Parenting Style Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (KPAA), which were filled out online by the respondents. The data were processed and analysed using the bivariate analysis test, Pearson’s chi-squared test, which has a significant value if the P-value < 0.05. Results: The majority of the parents used the authoritative style (94.5%). There was a significant relationship between parenting style and the risk of ADHD in children with P < 0.001 for authoritarian and permissive styles and P = 0.005 for an authoritative style. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between parenting style and the risk of ADHD in children. This indicates the importance of early diagnosis of ADHD and treating the children with ADHD in the context of family environment, especially from parenting style.

The Population of Children with High Risk of ADHD and The Mother’s Sociodemographic Profile in Surabaya

“…Previously, SPPAHI was used as a screening tool to assess the prevalence of ADHD risks in various other studies in Indonesia [6][7][8] . This instrument consists of 35 questions with a scale of 1 (never at all) to 4 (always or very often) and uses a score of 0-3 for the answer to each question with a score range of 0-105.…”

Learning Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Children: A Literature Review

“…ADHD is characterized by three symptoms: inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Inattention is a symptom of diminished attention to anything that is defined by a child's inability to focus for an extended period of time when studying or playing [28]. Low concentration in children with ADHD symptoms can cause health issues, behavioral issues, cognitive dysfunction, social relationship issues, and learning disorders.…”

“…If ADHD develops throughout adulthood, it may result in more severe issues including depression, drug addiction, abuse, and failure [5].…”

The Correlation between Mother’s Psychological Stress and Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Elementary School Age Children

“…Parents who have children with autism spectrum disorders experience greater stress than parents who have children with other special needs (Kalalo & Setiawati, 2020). Parenting stress levels are more likely to be experienced by parents who have children at high risk of ADHD than parents who do not have children at high risk of ADHD (Setyanisa et al, 2022).…”