Relationship Between Oxidant and Antioxidant Enzymes Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Nephropathy in Saudi Population.

Abstract

Objective: Oxidative stress has crucial role in pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an important microvascular complication of diabetes and is widely recognized as the most common cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) seen in clinical practice. Chemically, oxidative stress occurs as a result of increased levels of lipid peroxides and free radical intermediates, as well as a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity. This study analyzed the relationships between oxidant and antioxidant markers of DN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: A descriptive study was taken during the period from November 2016 to August 2017. The present study included 53 patients suffering from T2DM without nephropathy and 51 patients T2DM with nephropathy along with 69 age-and sex-matched healthy controls. Various biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured and compared. Results:The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urea, creatinine, microalbuminuria, and MDA levels were significantly increased (p<0.001), and antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CTL) were significantly decreased (p<0.001) in T2DM with nephropathy patients followed by T2DM without nephropathy and control groups. There were a good negative correlations of HbA1c and GPx (r=−0.79), SOD (r=−0.61) and CTL (r=−0.74) (p≤0.05), whereas there was an excellent positive correlation of MDA concentration (r=0.85, p≤0.05) with HbA1c levels in diabetes with nephropathy. Conclusion:The study illustrated that, in diabetic patients, there is an increased concentration of lipid peroxides which may contribute to decreased levels of cellular antioxidant enzymes, further leading to T2DM with nephropathy. Hence, monitoring of these antioxidant enzymes and microalbuminuria parameters in the early stage of diabetic patients could be vital importance in possible preventing further development of complications. We suggest potential and new multiproperty antioxidants therapy as one of the most important treatment strategies for diabetic patients without nephropathy for the prevention and slowing of diabetic with nephropathy before reaching to ESRD.

Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Oxidative Stress and Hyperglycemia in Experimental Type 2 Diabetic Rats

“…Hyperglycemia can lead to decreased antioxidant enzyme levels despite increases in free radical levels in diabetes mellitus [11,36]. Increase in lipid peroxidation and activation of the hexosamine pathway, polyol pathway, and protein kinase C increase the production of free oxygen radicals [37,38].…”

Physiological sway of aging on oxidative stress and levels of some minerals in diabetes type II of both female and male in Sulaimaniyah city

“…Diabetes is defined as the most common endocrine disorder, or a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which affects different organs of the human individual; it also reduces age of human beings; and leads to their death [1]. The persistent high blood sugar leads to the occurrence of what is known as hyperglycemia, Which ultimately seems to be the induction of several biochemical pathways; these biochemical pathways are responsible for the synthesis of free radicals [2]. These are highly reactive chemicals that might be in the form of atoms, molecules, or ions.…”

“…In diabetics, free radicals attack many vital molecules in the body, including fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. In lipid molecules, reactive species attack fatty membranes, lipoproteins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids and as a result this process will lead to the production of aldehydes such as Malondialdehyde (MDA) which is the last product of Lipid peroxidation (L.P) that is excessively used as a distinguishing marker of oxidative stress in many studies [2]. The human body has many defense systems against harmful reactive species known as antioxidants, chemical or biological agents that save cells and substances occurring within the cells from destruction caused by unsteady molecules known as free radicals ;these free radicals are classified according to the work they manifest and their kind of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD).…”